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Nurs 216B > trauma/tissue integrity > Flashcards

trauma/tissue integrity Flashcards

1
Q

VO2 max

A

how much oxygenation someone is capable of
- exercise capability also depends on this

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2
Q

neuro involvement in activity and fatigue

A
  • CNS and hypothalamus
  • brainstem adjusts vital signs
  • adrenal gland hormone secretion of fight or flight hormones to increase oxygen delivery
  • vasodilatory factors stimulated
  • increase in cardiac output
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3
Q

low O2 will cause

A

bronchodilation

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4
Q

cardiac output for skeletal muscles at rest

A

20% of cardiac output

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5
Q

cardiac output for skeletal muscles during activity

A

95% of cardiac output

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6
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

when demand exceeds supply and there is no more ATP production

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7
Q

fatigue

A

activity intolerance due to exhausted reserves

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8
Q

physiologic cause of fatigue

A

inadequate ATP to generate muscle activity

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9
Q

psychologic

A

inadequate CNS ability to generate activity

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10
Q

chronic fatigue

A

unclear onset and cause, rest does not lead to recovery, ADL’s are interfered with

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11
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis, systemic exertion intolerance disease)

A

unclear onset with long duration and a non specific symptomatology

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12
Q

S&S of chronic fatigue syndrome

A
  • chronic fatigue> 6 months with effect on ADL
  • post exercise malaise
  • unrefreshing sleep
  • cognitive or orthostatic effects
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13
Q

acute injury

A

sudden force
- fractures
- contusions
- articulation injuries

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14
Q

chronic injury

A

overuse
-stress fractures
- strains and sprains with no time to heal

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15
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

70% of body mass
- bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscle

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16
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone; attach ends together

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17
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone; attach muscle to bone periosteum

18
Q

sprain

A

ligament injury; mechanical overload of a joint
- pain, inflammation, decreased function, contusion
- inversion of ankle, knee, elbow, wrist

19
Q

meniscus

A

C-shaped fibre cartilage between tibia and femur

20
Q

strain

A

tendon/muscle injury; excessive stretch or contraction
- pain, inflammation, increased pain with aggravating activity
- lower back muscles, C spine, elbow and shoulder

21
Q

common pediatric fractures

A

clavicle and femur

22
Q

common adult fractures

A

clavicle, femur, radius, head

23
Q

common elderly fractures

A

hip, spinal disk

24
Q

fracture S&S

A

pain, possible shock, inflammation, hematoma, deformity, loss of function, injury to surrounding area

25
Q

unstable fractures

A

oblique, spiral, comminuted

26
Q

type 1 epiphyseal fracture

A

through growth plate

27
Q

type 2 epiphyseal fracture

A

most commonly seen in the ER; through growth plate and metaphysis

28
Q

type 3 epiphyseal fracture

A

affects growth; through growth plate and epiphysis

29
Q

type 4 epiphyseal fracture

A

affects growth; through all 3 segments (growth plate, metaphysis, epiphysis)

30
Q

type 5 epiphyseal fracture

A

affects growth; crush injury of growth plate
- the worst of all of them

31
Q

epiphysis

A

where ossification and calcification take place
- weakest part of bone
- 15% of fractures in children

32
Q

external traction

A

method of pulling closed fracture into place
- manual = pulling
- skeletal= pins and wires

33
Q

external fixation

A

stabilization long term

34
Q

surgical reduction and internal fixation

A

used in open fractures

35
Q

haematoma stage of healing (stage 1)

A

immediate stage;
coagulation cascade activated, inflammatory cells and mediators released

36
Q

inflammation stage of healing (stage 2)

A

recruitment and activation of osteoprogenitor cells and clearance of necrotic tissue

37
Q

callus formation (stage 3)

A

differentiation of MSC’s, 4 week stage, initial stabilization replaced by calcified tissue

38
Q

granulation tissue (stage 4)

A

active proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells
- angiogenesis
- 6 week stage

39
Q

quick healing

A

bones, synovial joints
- due to good blood and nerve supply

40
Q

slow healing

A

meniscus, tendons, ligaments

41
Q

stress fracture healing time

A

4 weeks

42
Q

long bone healing time

A

up to 6 months

Nurs 216B (19 decks)

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