neurological injuries/illnesses

Question 1

brain death

Answer 1

no motor response, no brainstem reflexes
- negative dolls eye reflex

Question 2

vegetative state

Answer 2

brainstem maintenance, hypothalamic function, no awareness of self or surroundings

Question 3

2 outcomes of global ischemia

Answer 3

watershed infarcts and reperfusion injuries

Question 4

monroe-kellie hypothesis

Answer 4

displacement of fluid contents being a reduction in venous blood flow and CSF content

Question 5

cushing’s triad

Answer 5

a sign of high ICP
- hypertension
- bradycardia
- irregular respirations

Question 6

vasogenic cerebral edema

Answer 6

BBB compromised which causes inflammation leading to high ICP

Question 7

cytotoxic cerebral edema

Answer 7

increase intracellular fluid shift which causes ischemia leading to a high ICP

Question 8

ischemic CVA

Answer 8

caused by a thrombus/embolus and cause 80% of all strokes

Question 9

TIA

Answer 9

a warning of a CVA and only present with ischemia

Question 10

thrombectomy

Answer 10

treatment of ischemic CVA
- blood clot removed via suction through catheter insertion

Question 11

angioplasty

Answer 11

treatment of ischemic stroke
- stent inserted and balloon blown up to widen vessel

Question 12

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 12

1st s&s will be headache, vomiting high BP with sudden onset

Question 13

hemorrhagic stroke treatment

Answer 13

hypertonic NS (3%NaCl) , mannitol (osmotic diuretic)

Question 14

AVM

Answer 14

characteristic of slow onset of neuro deficits
- steals blood flow from surrounding area d/t no capillary network

Question 15

sign of aortic aneurysm

Answer 15

bruits

Question 16

epidural hematoma

Answer 16

between dura (protective brain layer) and skull

Question 17

common cause of epidural hematoma

Answer 17

skull fracture

Question 18

subdural hematoma

Answer 18

between dura (protective brain layer) and subdural space (just below protective layer near brain)

Question 19

common cause of subdural hematoma

Answer 19

accel/decel injuries

Question 20

characteristic of acute hematoma

Answer 20

high morbidity and mortality

Question 21

characteristic of chronic hematoma

Answer 21

very slow onset and due to brain atrophy

Question 22

main focus when treating hematoma

Answer 22

decrease ICP
- do this through osmotic diuretic and antihypertensives

Question 23

brain parenchyma infection

Answer 23

encephalitis

Question 24

spinal cord infection

Answer 24

myelitis

Question 25

most common cause of infection

Answer 25

bacteria

Question 26

type of infection that is less fatal

Answer 26

viral/viruses

Question 27

purulent meningitis

Answer 27

bacterial

Question 28

lymphocytic meningitis

Answer 28

viral

Question 29

highest mortality meningitis bacteria

Answer 29

strep.pneumoniae - 34%

Question 30

meningitis antibiotics

Answer 30

amoxicillin, vancomycin, 3rd gen cephalosporins - add in dexamethasone as treatment

Question 31

metastatic cancer/tumors

Answer 31

tumor starts in one tissue but spreads to others

Question 32

alkylating agents (DNA damage)

Answer 32

chemotherapy used for tumors/cancer - temozolomide

Question 33

temozolomide

Answer 33

type of chemotherapy

Question 34

idiopathic seizure

Answer 34

genetic origin with no known cause

Question 35

symptomatic seizure

Answer 35

caused by a brain injury

Question 36

focal seizures

Answer 36

affect group of neurons in one hemisphere

Question 37

generalized seizures

Answer 37

both hemispheres involved

Question 38

status epilepticus

Answer 38

can be any seizure type that progresses to unstoppable state which is life threatening

Question 39

alzheimers

Answer 39

caused decreased Ach synthesis - behavioural changes

Question 40

management of alzheimer's

Answer 40

increase Ach through cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 41

parkinsons

Answer 41

caused by lack of dopamine; inability to filter out extra movements - 2nd most common form of dementia

Question 42

management of parkinson's

Answer 42

increase dopamine through dopamine agonists

Question 43

brainstem

Answer 43

pons, medulla, midbrain

Question 44

occurence of dreams and nightmares sleep stage

Answer 44

REM

Question 45

these are all signs of what stage of sleep: fast HR, high BP, fast RR, temp fluctuation, brain resembles wakeful state

Answer 45

REM

Question 46

insomnia

Answer 46

related to cortisol and have difficulties with initiation and duration of sleep

Question 47

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 47

due to collapse of upper airway - prominent in REM d/t muscle relaxation

Question 48

central apnea

Answer 48

deficit in brain stem and resp centers where signals aren't sent - commonly seen in brain injuries and cerebral edema

Question 49

schizophrenia positive symptoms

Answer 49

hallucinations, delusions

Question 50

schizophrenia negative symptoms

Answer 50

withdrawn, apathetic, lack of motivation

Question 51

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 51

VS crisis - hyperthermia, diaphoresis, unstable BP

Question 52

addiction

Answer 52

forms from ventromedial prefrontal cortex which deals with impulse control