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Nurs 216B > lifespan > Flashcards

lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

blood types

A

determined by genetics
- ABO antigens
- develop antibodies against antigens they dont have

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2
Q

ABO antibodies

A

not present at birth and develop between 2-8 months of age

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3
Q

blood group AB

A

has A and B antigens

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4
Q

blood group A

A

has A antigen

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5
Q

blood group B

A

has B antigen

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6
Q

blood group O

A

does not have either A or B antigen which is why its universal donor

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7
Q

Rh factor

A

determines whether blood has type D Rh antigen and determines this through being “positive or negative”

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8
Q

Rh positive

A

has type D antigen
- most common blood type

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9
Q

Rh negative

A

does not have type D antien

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10
Q

most common blood type

A

O Rh+

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11
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) general

A

mother is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive; interface of vessels are closed off until delivery and maternal cells can develop antibodies if blood type is different than baby’s

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12
Q

HDN specifics

A
  • baby blood dosent cross with mothers blood until delivery
  • blood wont cross but antibodies will for second baby
  • develops in first pregnancy and harms baby in second pregnancy
  • preventable
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13
Q

HDN treatment

A

Rh immunoglobulin
- at 28 weeks and within 72 hours of delivery

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14
Q

postpartum hemorrhage

A

losing more than 500ml of blood and will cause hypovolemic shock

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15
Q

4T’s of postpartum hemorrhage

A

Tissue (retained placenta)
Tone (uterine atony)
Trauma
Thrombin (coagulation disorders)

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16
Q

antepartum hemorrhage

A

prior to delivery; a risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage

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17
Q

chorioamnionitis

A

risk factor for post partum hemorrhage; infection of placenta and amniotic fluid

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18
Q

fetal macrosomia

A

large infant; risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage

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19
Q

maternal anemia

A

risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage

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20
Q

maternal obesity

A

risk factor for post partum hemorrhage due to it yielding fetal macrosomia

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21
Q

multifetal gestation

A

many fetuses causing risk for postpartum hemorrhage

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22
Q

preeclampsia

A

high BP putting at risk for postpartum hemorrhage

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23
Q

uterine contraction

A

oxytocin secretion from hypothalamus stimulates uterine contraction during delivery

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24
Q

uterine atony treatment

A

oxytocin, crytalloid fluids (if hypovolemic shock) and fundal massage

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25
Q

fundal massage

A

helps uterus respond to pressure and increase contraction

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26
Q

neonatal jaundice/hyperbilirubinemia

A

occurs due to high production with immature circulation which causes recirculation
- emergency if within 24 hours but onset usually 48-72 hours

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27
Q

bilirubin

A

product of hemoglobin breakdown
- excreted via stool
- if unconjugated and lipid soluble it is toxic to cells and accumulates in CNS

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28
Q

bilirubin encephalopathy (Kernicterus)

A

neurological condition that occurs due to jaundice where bilirubin deposits on on basal ganglia

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29
Q

grade 1 jaundice

A

face and neck

30
Q

grade 2 jaundice

A

face, neck, chest, back

31
Q

grade 3 jaundice

A

from knees up minus arms

32
Q

grade 4 jaundice

A

whole body except feet

33
Q

grade 5 jaundice

A

entire body

34
Q

unconjugated bilirubin

A

the gap between total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin

35
Q

breastfeeding as treatment for jaundice

A

eliminates extra bilirubin because it has colostrum which acts as a laxative to excrete the bilirubin

36
Q

phototherapy as a treatment for bilirubin

A

bilirubin is transformed to photobilirubins when exposed to blue-green light which is hydrophilic and easily excreted

37
Q

exchange transfusion

A

taking away blood that is present and replacing it with new blood not high in bilirubin

38
Q

syndromes

A

group of symptoms or condition which consistently occur together or are associated with a set of symptoms
- can be genetic or “de Novo” (new)

39
Q

down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21; error in meiosis

40
Q

2 risk groups for down syndrome

A
  • if older than 25 due to aged oocytes
  • familial link for chromosomal ‘robertsonian translocation’
41
Q

fetal echocardiogram as screening for down syndrome

A

cardiac defects can be an identifier and results will show ‘higher translucency’ between 10-13 weeks

42
Q

serum markers as screening for down syndrome

A

hCG levels are high

43
Q

GI issues associated with down syndrome

A

large tongue, TE fistula, intestinal obstruction, hirschsprung disease, imperforated anus, GERD

44
Q

large tongue in down syndrome

A

makes it difficult for child to latch

45
Q

TE fistula in down syndrome

A

can cause chocking because esophagus is ‘blind’ and it does not connect to the GI

46
Q

hirschsprung disease

A

malfunctioning portion of large intestine
- diagnosed quickly d/t lack of BM

47
Q

treatment for GI issues with feeding

A

intermittent feeds, upright positioning

48
Q

thickened formula as a treatment for GI issues

A

decreases vomiting as a result of reflux but not reflux itself

49
Q

atopic dermatitis ‘eczema’

A

chronic inflammation of the skin; allergen triggered
- damaged epidermal barrier puts at risk for infection
- children with this may have more allergies

50
Q

atopic dermatitis treatment

A

corticosteroid cream, antihistamine cream, moisturizer cream

51
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves

A

semilunar valves

52
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

53
Q

tricuspid and mitral valves

A

atrioventricular valves

54
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

55
Q

murmur

A

implies turbulent blood flow due to valves not being able to close properly or at all
- if it goes away after changing position it is benign (innocent)

56
Q

diastole murmur

A

worse because theres more flow due to valves being open

57
Q

VSD (ventricular septal defect)

A

leading CHD; systolic murmur
- blood shunted to right side; high pressure to low pressure
- cardiac silhouette enlarges over time

58
Q

ASD

A

blood shunts left to right

59
Q

right side of heart in VSD

A

ventricle overload, increased pulmonary flow causing overall fatigue and tachypnea, coagulation due to increased pressure

60
Q

left side of heart in VSD

A

decreased cardiac output, decreased perfusion, decreased BP

61
Q

VSD treatment

A

optimize CO with fluid restriction, diuretics, ace inhibitors high calorie low volume formulas

62
Q

TOF (tetralogy of Fallot)

A

VSD, pulmonary outflow tract stenosis, RV hypertrophy (very thick), overriding aorta

63
Q

pulmonary outflow tract stenosis

A

thickening in pulmonary vein

64
Q

if little RVOT stenosis

A

VSD shunting L–>R

65
Q

if high RVOT stenosis

A

VSD shunting R –> L
- will see cyanosis b/c unoxygenated blood enters left side

66
Q

hypercyanotic spells (TET spells)

A

extreme cyanosis during times of stress
- 2 main triggers are crying and hypovolemia

67
Q

crying as a trigger for TET spells

A

hyperventilation–> tachycardia–> hyperpnea–> vasoconstriction–> reduced perfusion–> right to left shunting–> hypoxemia

68
Q

hypovolemia (dehydration) as a trigger for TET spells

A

drop in BP –> lower L ventricle pressure –> right to left shunting
- risk of hypoxic brain injury
- risk of seizure
- giving O2 will not help, it will be a trigger

69
Q

TET spell treatment goal

A

goal is to decrease right to left shunting

70
Q

treatment of TET spell

A

knee to chest position
fluid bolus
morphine (vasodilatory)
B blocker

71
Q

COA (coarctation of the aorta)

A

narrowed aorta
- low BP, low perfusion, difference in pressure between upper and lower limbs
- dilate to help treat

Nurs 216B (19 decks)

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