genetic material of ALL microbes that live ON and INSIDE the human body
Microbiome
genetic material of ALL microbes that live ON and INSIDE the human body
Local barriers: SKIN
Local barriers: SKIN
Keratin layer, antimicrobial fatty acids, defensins
Local barriers: GI Tract
Local barriers: GI Tract
Gastric acids, mucus layer, pancreatic enzymes and bile, IgA antibodies, defensins, peristalsis, normal gut flora (microbiome)
Local barriers: Respiratory Tract
Local barriers: Respiratory Tract
Mucociliary blanket, alveolar macrophages
Local barriers: Urinary Tract
Local barriers: Urinary Tract
Frequent flushing from micturition
Routes of entry: SKIN
Routes of entry: SKIN
- Mechanical injury of the epidermis
- Minor trauma, penetrating injuries, burns, pressure-related ulcers
- Intravenous catheters
- Insect or animal bite
Routes of entry: GI Tract
Routes of entry: GI Tract
- Ingestion of contaminated food and beverages
- Circumvention of local defenses by a pathogen
- Adhesion and local proliferation
- Adhesion and mucosal invasion
- “Hijacking” of host pathways of antigen uptake
- Diminished local defenses of GI tract
Routes of entry: Respiratory Tract
Routes of entry: Respiratory Tract
- Evasion of local defenses
- Attach and invade respiratory cells
- Toxins and impairing ciliary activity
- Resistance to killing after phagocytosis –M. tuberculosis
- Impaired local defenses
Routes of entry: Urinary Tract
Routes of entry: Urinary Tract
Disruption in normal urine flow
- Regular micturition protects the sterile urogenital environment
- Obstruction and reflux
Diminished local defenses of GI tract
Diminished local defenses of GI tract
- Loss of gastric acidity – antacids and proton pump inhibitors
- Alterations in gut flora – broad-spectrum antibiotics
- Decrease peristalsis – ileus or mechanical obstruction (tumor)
Circumvention of local defenses by a pathogen (GI tract)
Circumvention of local defenses by a pathogen (GI tract)
- Adhesion and local proliferation
- Adhesion and mucosal invasion
- “Hijacking” of host pathways of antigen uptake
Routes of entry: Female genital tract
Routes of entry: Female genital tract
- Alteration in the normal flora
- Antibiotics
- Hormonal changes
- Squamous epithelium of the ectocervix
- Minor trauma/epithelial breaks
Routes of entry: Vertical Transmission
Routes of entry: Vertical Transmission
Mother to fetus or newborn child
- Placental-fetal transmission
- Transmission during birth
- Postnatal transmission in maternal milk
Local barriers: Genital Tract
Local barriers: Genital Tract
Normal flora (acidic environment), epithelial barrier
