Inflammation 1 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
initial interaction is b/w
A
PAMP and PRRs
2
Q
one of consequences of PAMP by PRR is
A
assembly of inflammasome
3
Q
inflammasome
A
important for production and section and activation of some cytokines important in inflammation
4
Q
three tiered approach to defense
A
physical and chemical barriers
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
5
Q
non-specific barriers
A
skin, microflora, tight junctions
6
Q
what is an important barrier in skin
A
epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions
7
Q
what are in lungs that provide first line of defense
A
mucus
cilia
8
Q
what is in tears that helps against infection
A
lysosyme
9
Q
chemical on skin to defend
A
fatty acid
antimicrobial peptides
10
Q
chemical in gut to defend
A
low pH
antimicrobial enzymes
11
Q
chemical defense in lungs
A
pulmonary surfactant
antimicrobial peptides
12
Q
lysozyme
A
enzyme in tears, saliva, milk, mucus, etc.
13
Q
lysozyme digests
A
peptidoglycan
14
Q
where is peptidoglycan
A
cell wall of bacteria
15
Q
cathelicidins
A
broad antimicrobial substances
16
Q
alpha defensins
A
produced by PMNs (granulocytes, especially neutrophils) and Paneth cells (gut)
17
Q
two kins of defensins
A
alpha and beta
18
Q
antimicrobial peptides - defensins include
A
a-defensins
b-defensins
19
Q
what bacteria are not sensitive to lysozyme
A
gram neg.
20
Q
fat are contained in lamellar bodies and they form water tight layer in epidermis - what else do lamellar bodies make
A
antimicrobial peptides
21
Q
main producers of mucous in the respiratory epithelial and gut epithelial
A
goblet cells
22
Q
mucous functions
A
libricant
trap for pathogens
23
Q
goblet cells secrete
A
anti-microbial peptides
and of course mucous
24
Q
richest source of antimicrobial peptides in GI track
A
paneth cells @ base of crypt of leiberkuhn
25
anythig that gets past initial barrier have to be detected, mainaly based on
Pattern recognition receptors on PAMP
26
to discriminate b/w harmful and harmless
job of patern recognition receptors
27
many pathogens have conserved structures
PAMPSs
28
PAMPs stands for
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).
29
where are pattern recognition receptors found
```
floating around in immune system
neutrophils
macrophages
epithelial cells
mast cells
well equipped
```
30
LPS
outer membrane of gram neg bacteria
31
LPS is an example of a
PAMP
32
flagellin is ex. of a
PAMP
33
glucans chitin manna
fungal cell wall
| ex. of PAMP
34
what are soluble PRR
- Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL)
- Ficolins
- C1q
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
35
PRR stand for
pattern recognition receptor
36
soluble PRR's activate
activating complement pathway
37
cell membrane associated pathogen associated receptors
membrane bound
38
toll like receptors are associated with
plasma membrane and also intracellular receptors
39
ex of intracellular PRR
Nod-like Receptors (NLRs)
- RNA helicases (RIG-I, MDA-5)
Toll-like receptors
40
immediate consequence of PAMP binding to PRR
more antimicrobial peptides
| inducing production of cytokines, important in combating viral, bacterial, fungal infection
41
soluble PRR activate
complement pathway
42
TLR2 recognizes
gram pos and fungi
43
TLR4 recognizes
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) therefore gram neg.
44
TLR9 recognize
DNA
45
T3, 7, 8 reocngize
RNA
46
all toll like reeptors are on plasma membrane except
plasma membrane
| 3 7 8 9 - these are intracellular toll like receptors
47
following recognition of PAMP TLR4 with CD14 recognize what
LPS (lippopolysaccharide)
48
TLR4 couples with what to recognize LPS
CD14
49
recognition of the ligand by TLR4 and CD14 couples to activation of
NFkB
50
NFkB is important transcription factor b/c it's involved in
regulation fo transcription of a wide variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines
51
intracellular cytoplasmic toll like receptors recognize
bacterial products
52
NOD1 & NOD2 (these are nod-like PRR ) recognize
intracellular bacteria or degradative products of bacteria (like those being taken up into macrophages or neutrophils)
53
NOD1 and NOD2 and couple to activation of
NFkB and ultimately production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
54
TLR3 and 7 detect
viral RNA
55
detection of viral genomes by
| get production of what
TLR3 & TLR7
| type I interferon
56
production of type I interferon important during viral infect. b/c main mech to
limit spread of virus - makes neighboring cells less susceptible to produce virus progeny particles
57
detection of PAMPs by PRR leads to assembly of multimolecular complex in cells (esp macrophages) and the complex is called
inflammasome
58
type I interferon acts on neighboring cells to do what
how does it act on infected cell
make them less susceptible to support virus replication
| acts on infected cell to lead to production of components of inflammasome
59
detection of bacteria PAMPs by PRR leads to assembly of
inflammasome
60
inflammasome important b/c
it's necessary for maturation of cytokines that are important in inflammatory response (esp. interleukin family like interleukin I)
61
assembly of inflammasome leads to death of
infected cell which limits spread of infection
62
type I interferon produced following detection of
viral PAMP
63
Type I interferon binds to
receptors on neighboring cells
64
what does tpe I interforon do when bind to neibhoring cells
reduces express of genes that encode three enzyme complexes
2' 5' OAS
induces RNase L
PKR
the enzymes prime cells to resopnd if they become infected with virus.
65
oligoadenylate made if
cell is affected with virus
66
once RNase L made it will
degrade mRNA
| stops viral mRNA from being made, so viral can't reproduce
67
PKR does what
phosphorylates initiaton factor needed for translation - when it's phosphorylated it's inactive so it inhibits protein syntehsis
68
PKR does what
phosphorylates initiaton factor needed for translation - when it's phosphorylated it's inactive so it inhibits protein syntehsis
69
early in infection dendritic cells migrate
to site of infection
70
dendritic cells do what
sample material and carry to the regional lymph node
71
once dendritic cell gets to lymph node
primed to activate t cells
72
cell that infiltrates to pick up the antigen (dendritic cell) is not capable of
activating t cell
73
once dendritic cell picks up antigen and exposed to cytokines in inflamed site
it changes so it cant pick up any more antigen and it can present it and activate t cells
74
NFkB is key regulator of transcription of
cytokines
75
cytokines are
soluble polypeptides
secreted by immune system and most cells in the body
(every cell needs to be able to communicate w/ immune system)
76
cytokines regulate
magnitude and duration of immune response
77
families of cytokines
interleukins
chemokines
interferons
78
interleukins
designated by IL-#
79
chemokines
small molecular weigh cytokines
80
interferons
interfere w/ virus replication
81
type I interferons
alpha and beta
82
type II interferons
interferon gamma
83
how do cytokines act
autocrin
paracrine
endocrine
84
autocrine in regards to cytokines
cell producing the cytokine is responsive to cytokine
85
paracrine in regards to cytokines
cell that is responding to cytokin is adj. to cell producing the cytokine
86
endocrine in regards to cytokines
not as common for cytokines
87
pleiotropy in regards to cytokines
one cytoken different responses from different cells
88
redundancy in regards to cytokines
more than one cytokine same response from cell
89
synergy in regards to cytokines
response to cell to two cytokines is much greater than you would expect if those two were added individually
90
antagonism in regards to cytokines
effects of one cytokine opposes another
91
interleukin receptor naming
IL followed by R
| ex: IL-2R
92
most interleuken receptors signal via what pathway
jak stat pathway
93
jak state pathway
receptor that consists of two chains so the two chains come together when by bind ligand.
two of the chains have jak kinases associated withtails. one ligand binds dimerization of reeptor, brings jak close enough that they can autophosphorylate and phosphorylate the tails. the phosphotyrosine form docking site for state and then state echo 11:01
94
draw interleukin jak-stat pathway
pg 34
95
IL2R superfamily share what chain
IL2R gamma chain
96
in presence if IL3 the progenitor cell is biased to differentiate
along the lymphoid lineage
97
If there is IL3 and GM-CSF then bised to differentaite
along myeloid lineage
98
myeloid lineage gives rise to
```
neutrophils
eosinophils
mast cells
basophils
monocytes → macrophages
```
99
prominent barrier to infection in epidermis
include fatty layer that's secreted by keratinocytes in stratum granulocum - note the fat is contained in lamellar bodies
100
interferon alpha and interferon beta are both
type I interferon
101
detection of viral genomes by intracellular RIG-1 & MDA5 couples to the production of what
type I interferon
