Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Introduction to viruses 3 > Flashcards

Introduction to viruses 3 Flashcards

(103 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

transforming viruses cause

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transforming viruses lead to loss of

A

contact inhibition - they just keep growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

to determine if somebody has protecive antibody against viruses that express Hemagglutination

A

HAI assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

viruses that have Hemagglutination have the ability to

A

cause red blood cells to form sheets or to agglutinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is purpose of Hemagglutination assay

A

to determine level of virus in there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe how you plate and dilute viruses with Hemagglutination

A

when you plate the dilutions for Hemagglutination, where there is Hemagglutination there will be sheet of RBC across base of well.
when virus is diluted that you can no longer glutinate the RB they will drop to bottom of well forming little button

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

if there are too many Hemagglutination then what will happen when plating

A

they won’t form a sheet b/c there are too many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

titer

A

estimate amount of estimated amount of virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the larger the titer the number the

A

greater the amount of virus that you started with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HAI

A

Hemagglutination inhabition assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HAI measures what

A

if somebody has protective response against virus that has Hemagglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

to determine level of antibody someone has against Hemagglutination what do you do
describe hai assay

A

use serum on individual to block Hemagglutination
prepare dilutions of individuals serum. to each dilution add fixed amount of virus. after allow it to bind to Hemagglutination on virus, add the RBC. if there is no antibody prsent, or low levels, get the same has Hemagglutination assay
if there is an antibody against Hemagglutination, once virus is added to serum, the antibodies will bind to Hemagglutination so when RBC added there won’t be any sites on Hemagglutination to bind to RBC so there will be no Hemagglutination.
so you go from button to no buttons b/c in the beginning the antibodies will block it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe difference in HAI assay vs Hemagglutination assay

A

f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

viruses with Hemagglutination can also do what with RBC regaring peplomers on infected cell

A

Hemagglutination inserted into membrane its infected, so infected cells has Hemagglutination protruding from its surface so RBC bind to it and form stuff around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hemadsorption

A

Hemagglutination is protroducing from cells, RBC bind to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

measles give rise to

A

syncytia

hemadsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rsv give rise to

A

syncytia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

influenza gives rise to

A

hemadsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fungi - eukaryote or prokyaryote

A

eukaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fungi nuclei

A

defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do fungi exist regarding cells

A

single cells

multi-cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

multi-cellular form of fungi called

A

hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

unicellular fungi called

A

yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

multicellular fungi called

A

mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
heterotrophic fungi means
they need nutrients from host | need humid conditions to absorb nutrients
26
PAMP stands for
Fungal Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
27
fungal cell wall PAMPS
mannan chitin glucans
28
what fungal cell wall PAMPs are recognized by immune system
mannan chitin glucans
29
monomorphic fungi
one form in life cycle - yeast or mold form
30
yeast forms all reproduce
asexually by budding
31
molds reproduce
can do asexual and sexual asexual via spores sexual by meiosis
32
sexual spor reproduction called
telemorphic
33
septate
clear division b/w cells
34
aseptate
no division b/w different cells
35
another word for aseptate fungi
coenocytic
36
dimorphic fungi
two forms through their life - can be both mold and yeast in their life depending on the stage of their life
37
monomrophic fungi
only one stage of life so either yeast or mold
38
coenocytic not separated by
cell walls
39
multiple hyphae are organized into meshowrk called
into meshowrk called mycelium | "sounds like my ceiling. ceiling is a meshwork"
40
asexual spores called
conidiaspores
41
sporangiaspores reproduction
sexual or asexual
42
most healthy individuals do not suffer from
fungal disesae
43
immune suppressed individuals may have
fungal disease
44
with AIDs what happens with fungi
immune system is weakened many people actually die from fungal infection
45
source of pathogen is uruslly
dEndogenous
46
Endogenous
*
47
aflatoxins
some of the most carcinogenic things we know of
48
fungi can produce what that functions as free radical scavenger
melanin
49
PGE
prostoglandens
50
series of PGE that are
anti-inflammatory | suppress inflammatory response
51
airborne spores can lead to
hypersensitivity diseases
52
disease from ingestion of toxins from fungi
mycotoxicoses
53
ingestion of poisiones mushrooms
mycetismus | "My cat is mush(room)"
54
many fungal infections are
superficial
55
cutaneous mycoses
just superficial, limited to skin or hair
56
piercing of skin s called
traumatic implantation
57
most serious fungal infection
systemic mycoses
58
where do systemic mycoses originate
lung - then may move to other parts of body, skin, or other organs
59
technique to used to investigate fungi: direct light or fluoerescent microscopy
direct liht or fluorescent microscopy can scrap off skin and dissolve skin and see just fungi yeast vs. mold reproductive structures
60
serology
can see if they have antibodies for fungus | won't show if they are currently infected unless do it over time and antibody levels rise
61
histopathology
special stains | dna probes
62
cultures
fungi will turn different color on selective media
63
parasites can be what regarding cell
multi or unicellular
64
parasites get food by
living on or within another oganism
65
host of parasite
organismt hat harbors parasite and suffers lost b/c of parasite
66
reservoir parasite
hosts ensure continuity of the parasite's life cycle and act as sources of human infection
67
definitive host - parasite
where adult or sexual stages occur
68
intermediate host
the host in which a parasite lives as the larval and asexual stage
69
vector parasite
An organism (usually an insect) that is responsible for transmitting the parasitic infection
70
malaria humans are
intermediate host
71
unicellular parasites can be subdivided into four main groups based upon their motility:
Amoebas Flagellates Apicomplexa Ciliates
72
Amoebas move by
extending cytoplasmic projections: pseudopods
73
ciliates move by
cilia
74
how do flagellates move | how do apicomplexa move
flagellates move via flagella | apicomplexa don't move
75
apicomplexa move in humans via
blood/circulation
76
if parasite do not have dormant form or cannot form cyst what happens
need vector or they will die
77
two main stages in life cycle of protozoans
metabolically acitve: trophozoite | dormant form: cyst
78
dormant form of protozaons
cyst
79
metaboically active form of protozoans
trophozoite
80
causitive agent of malaria is what
plasmodium
81
life cycle of plasmodium
after feeding by female mosquito, injection into cirulaion of sporazoid. they enter liver and infect hepatocyte
82
two stages of plasmodium
hepatic stage | RBC stage
83
once they are in hepatocyte they
replicate and differentiate into marazoid (marazoid wasn't on ppt though)
84
infected RBC (malaria/plasmodium), why aren't they eliminated in spleen
plasmodium causes a membrane protein calls pl - to be expressed on surface which causes RBC to become sticky and they stick to wall of vessels so they don't even get to spleen b/c they stick to wall
85
helminth parasite cause a lot of problems - in
developing countries
86
helminths, two main ones:
flatworms | roundworms
87
flatworms examples
trematodes cestodes "to make them flat i'd better "trim ma toes"
88
cestode is a
tapeworm
89
surrounded by tegument which provides helminth
protection from digestive enzyme and helps absorb nutrients
90
life cycle of helminth
complex some are hermaphroditic some larva can penetrate skin
91
tapeworm (meat) due to
improperly cooked meat
92
inside larvae it will develop into
worm
93
segments of tape worm
proglotid
94
each proglotid can have how many eggs
hundred thousand
95
beef tapeworm can grow to how big
record is over 72 feet!!! long...
96
how are moth parasitic diseases transmitted
fecal oral direct penetration mosquito (blood) or arthoropod transplacental - vertically transmitted from mother to baby
97
adherence for parasites may be
specific or nonspecific
98
describe specificity of adherence for plasmodium
they bind to duffy antigen
99
what gives rise to symptom of disease for parasitic disease
cell and tissue damage
100
what causes the cell and tissue damage in a parasitic infection
hydrolytic enzymes and toxins mechanical damage usually due to parasite itself immunopathology - a lot of times due to eosinophils attacking the parasite or larvae
101
how do you diagnose parasitic infection
macroscopic examination different mounts, stool from larvae or eggs serologic examination (not always that useful with parasites)
102
protozoans (single cell parasite) have what supporting structure
pellicle - supports plasma membrane
103
what is toxoplasmosis
transmitting parasite from mother to fetus

Immunology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions