Introduction to Infectious Agents

Question 1

define immunology

Answer 1

the study of how the human body protects itself from threats from without (pathogenic viruses and bacteria etc.) and from within (malignancies).

Question 2

what is the immune system

Answer 2

consists of cells, organs, and molecules that are all concerned with defense and resistance to infection and malignancies

Question 3

what is the physiologic function of immune system

Answer 3

prevent infections/malignancies and to eradicate established infections/tumors.

Question 4

what is the first response when there is a pathogen

Answer 4

innate response

Question 5

what is the second response to pathogen

Answer 5

adaptive immune response

Question 6

the immune system need to distinguish b/w what

Answer 6

harmful and non-harmful

Question 7

how long does smallpox vaccine last

Answer 7

at least 70 years

Question 8

what is a pathogen

Answer 8

agent that has potential to cause disease

Question 9

what are true pathogens

Answer 9

always cause disease

Question 10

what are opportunisitic pathogens

Answer 10

only cause disease if immune system is comporomised

Question 11

what is an important feature of initial immune response regarding loccation

Answer 11

where the infection is - if it is inside or outside cell

Question 12

when immune system is targeting pathogen what is it targeting

Answer 12

discreet structures: antigen

Question 13

what is an antigen

Answer 13

anything that can be recognized by the immune system

Question 14

can all antigens induce immune response

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what is immunogen

Answer 15

anything that can induce an immune resposnse

antigens that can induce immune response are immunogenic

Question 16

all immunogens are

Answer 16

antigens

Question 17

not all antigens are

Answer 17

immunogens

Question 18

what is an epitope

Answer 18

portion of antigen that is recognised by immune system

Question 19

what is another word for antigenic determinant

Answer 19

epitope

Question 20

any given antigen may contain a large number of:

Answer 20

epitopes

Question 21

vaccines need to have enough epitopes, explain

Answer 21

different people respond differently to vaccines, we need to have enough epitopes in vaccines that everyone is protected

Question 22

first encounter for pathogen

Answer 22

can be skin, ciliated epithelium, epithelial cells of gastro tract, commensal flora

Question 23

innate response is dominated by

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

neutrophils carry out what action

Answer 24

phagocytosis

Question 25

is phagocytosis by neutrophils specific

Answer 25

no

Question 26

what is the function of neutrophils

Answer 26

first response, doesn't eliminate the infection but holds it off so that B and T cells can combat the infection it buys time for adaptive response

Question 27

adaptive immunity has specific attack?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

when is the peak of adaptive response

Answer 28

around day 10 of infection

Question 29

innate response is maximized when

Answer 29

around day 2

Question 30

what are some characteristics of innate response

Answer 30

rapid fixed limited number of specificities constant during response

Question 31

what are some characteristics of adaptive response

Answer 31

slow variable numerous highly selective specificites improve during response

Question 32

what is similar b/w innate and adaptive response

Answer 32

common effector mechanism for destruction of pathogen

Question 33

what cells are active in innate immune response

Answer 33

``` phagocytes granulocytes antigen presenting cells cytotoxic cells soluble factors ```

Question 34

what are three examples of granulocytes that are active in immune response

Answer 34

mast cells eosinophils basophils

Question 35

mast cells

Answer 35

"gate keepers" of inflammation. they decide what is allowed into affected tissue

Question 36

what is example of antigen presenting cell in innate immune response

Answer 36

dendritic cell

Question 37

dendtiric cell do what

Answer 37

infiltrate site of infection and pick up fragment of pathogen and take to secondary lymphoid tissue and show to T and B cells

Question 38

what is example of phagocyte in innate immune response

Answer 38

neutrophils | monocyte/macrophages

Question 39

what is example of cytotoxic cells

Answer 39

natural kiler cells

Question 40

what is complement

Answer 40

series of plasma proteins that enhance inflammation

Question 41

what does complement do

Answer 41

bind over pathogena nd identify for innate cells to engluf and destroy can call over immune system

Question 42

what are main components of adaptive immune response

Answer 42

lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

Question 43

what are some main features of adaptive immune response

Answer 43

``` induced, delayed specific diverse tolerance of self memory ```

Question 44

what happens if adaptive immune response lacks ability to tolerate self

Answer 44

auto-immune disease

Question 45

describe tolerance of self

Answer 45

ability to discriminate b/w self (harmless) and harmful (non-self)

Question 46

where are b cells developed

Answer 46

bone marrow

Question 47

where are T cells developed

Answer 47

start in bone marrow then go to thymus

Question 48

immunological memory is the basis of what important health development

Answer 48

vaccines

Question 49

What are the central T cells of adaptive immunity

Answer 49

CD4

Question 50

What is function of CD4 cells

Answer 50

help B cells make antibody | helps CD8 T cells become killer cells

Question 51

CD8 T cells are also called what

Answer 51

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Question 52

Wht does CTL stand for

Answer 52

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Question 53

APC stands for what

Answer 53

antigen presenting cell

Question 54

what are cytokines

Answer 54

polypeptides that allow communication b/w cells of immune system and cells of immune system and other cells

Question 55

Draw out diagram of overview of adaptive immune response

Answer 55

pg 28

Question 56

what does IL stand for

Answer 56

interleukins

Question 57

What does IFN stand for

Answer 57

Interferons

Question 58

IL and IFN are examples of what

Answer 58

cytokines

Question 59

innate and adaptive immune cells fall under what category

Answer 59

leukoctyes

Question 60

List the dominant to least dominant white blood cell

Answer 60

``` neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil ``` "Now Let ME Be Done"

Question 61

CD34+ is example of what

Answer 61

hematopoietic stem cell

Question 62

CD

Answer 62

cluster of differentiation

Question 63

what are CD molecules

Answer 63

can define particular subsets of cells

Question 64

by time of birth where is all hematopoeisis occuring

Answer 64

bone

Question 65

myeloid lineage gives rise to what

Answer 65

mainly cells of innate response

Question 66

vast majority of adaptive response is dependent on what cell

Answer 66

dendritic cell

Question 67

monocyte are circulating counterpart of what

Answer 67

macrophage

Question 68

depending on tissue destination, what happens to macrophage

Answer 68

changes name, i think it differentiates to different things depending on location

Question 69

t cells will not do anything unless:

Answer 69

antigen is shown to them

Question 70

how do cells of innate immune know something is there that shouldn't be

Answer 70

they have receptors on surface that recognize structures common to pathogens and not common to our own cells

Question 71

molecular patterns bind to what

Answer 71

pattern recognitino receptors (PRR)

Question 72

PRR stands for what

Answer 72

pattern recognitino receptor

Question 73

vast majority of antibody response require help from which cell

Answer 73

T cell

Question 74

what is primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 74

where lymphocytes develop and where the majorty if lymphocytes are killed off

Question 75

what are secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 75

where specific immune response is induced

Question 76

what location is primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 76

bone marrow & thymus

Question 77

what location is secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 77

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Question 78

where is main lympohid tissue that deals with infections in blood

Answer 78

spleen

Question 79

What produce antibodies

Answer 79

B cells

Question 80

B cells need help from what to produce antibody

Answer 80

CD4 T cells

Question 81

What are two examples of T cells

Answer 81

CD4 and CD8

Question 82

How do B and T cells not kill "self"

Answer 82

during development the self recognition part is killed off