Introduction to Infectious Agents 3

Question 1

infectious disease is caused by

Answer 1

infectious agent such as bacterium, virus, protozoan, fungus and can be passed to other

Question 2

what is infection

Answer 2

infectious agent enters body and reproduces. doesn’talways lead to disease

Question 3

what is ano organism that causes disease

Answer 3

pathogen

Question 4

what is organism infected by another organism

Answer 4

host

Question 5

ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host is what

Answer 5

virulence

Question 6

infectious diseases give rise to how many deaths

Answer 6

1/3 of all deaths worldwide

Question 7

more than half of death from children due to infectious diseases could be eliminated with what

Answer 7

vaccines

Question 8

infectious diseases account for more than how much of all deaths in children undera age five

Answer 8

1/2

Question 9

is HIV/AIDS a single agent killer

Answer 9

no - it will never be HIV/AIDS itself that kills, it will be opportunistic infection

Question 10

how much of bacteria are non-pathogens

Answer 10

95%

Question 11

what percent of bacteria cause human diseases

Answer 11

1%

Question 12

what percent of bacteria cause plant diseases

Answer 12

4%

Question 13

what percent of cells in our body are microbes

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

what is benefit of normal flora

Answer 14

they compete with pathogens for nutrients
they produce antimicrobial substances that help get rid of pathogens
provide nutrients (vitamin K and B12)
block host receptors for pathogens

Question 15

antimicrobal substances due to normal flora

Answer 15

they stimulate our cells to create antimicrobal substances and they themselves do it

Question 16

explain
Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans
Nose: Staphylococcus aureus
GI: Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli
and how it relates to the normal flora

Answer 16

The bacteria are part of normal flora but could also cause disease if they are in wrong spot or if immune system is compromised

Question 17

what is true pathogen

Answer 17

will cause disease

Question 18

what is opportunisitc pathogen and describe how it occurs

Answer 18

cause diseases if immune system is compromised, if there is overgrowth of normal flora, or normal flora introduced into inappropriate body cavity

Question 19

what are the ways infectious disease can be classified by duration

Answer 19

acute
chronic
latent

Question 20

what is latent duration

Answer 20

periods of no symptoms b/w outbreaks of illness

Question 21

latent infectious examples

Answer 21

herpes

mono

Question 22

what are three general classifications of infectious diseases

Answer 22

duration
location
timing

Question 23

what are ways location can classify infectious diseas

Answer 23

local

systemic

Question 24

what does systemic infection mean

Answer 24

a generalized illness that infects most of the body with pathogens distributed widely in tissues.

Question 25

what is example of systemic infection

Answer 25

smallpox

Question 26

what are ways infectious diseases can be classified by timing

Answer 26

primary | secondary

Question 27

what is primary infection

Answer 27

– initial infection in a previously healthy person.

Question 28

what is secondary infection

Answer 28

infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection.

Question 29

period b/w infection and presentation of symptoms is called what

Answer 29

incubation period

Question 30

first symptoms that appear are called what

Answer 30

prodromal phase

Question 31

describe prodromal phase

Answer 31

cold and flu type symptoms you will get before you have the normal symptoms of disease

Question 32

if disease will present with symptoms, what is the phase while they are presenting

Answer 32

clinical phase

Question 33

why will some individuals not have clinical phase

Answer 33

they are carriers of the disease

Question 34

when there is subsidence of symptoms what is phase

Answer 34

decline phase

Question 35

symptoms gone, tissues heal, body regains strength is what phase

Answer 35

recovery phase

Question 36

list the time course of infectious disease

Answer 36

``` Transmission: source/reservoir Entry: skin, mucus membranes Adherence: fimbriae, adhesion molecules Invasion: enzymes Propagation: essential nutrients Damage: virulence factors, toxins Resolution: immune response (pg 12) "TEA Idolazies Parties: Democrats & Republicans" ```

Question 37

what does propagation mean

Answer 37

they have to proliferate so they need nutrients

Question 38

what can immune system do that is harmful of body in response to infectious disease

Answer 38

the immune system can harm the body's own cells

Question 39

what are two ways transmission can take place

Answer 39

human:human | non human: human

Question 40

what is horizontal transmission

Answer 40

direct contact, fecal-oral, respiratory

Question 41

what is verticle transmission

Answer 41

mother to offspring transplacental parturition (birth) breast milk

Question 42

what are hte ways non human to human transmission can take place

Answer 42

soil/water source animal: direct, fluids (bite of rabid dog), feces, via vector formite

Question 43

what is formite

Answer 43

infected non-living material | like lab coat with blood on it

Question 44

after pathogen is acquired what must it do

Answer 44

enter

Question 45

how do bacteria and fungi enter/adhere

Answer 45

external structures: capsulse, surface antigens, flagella, fimbriae

Question 46

how do viruses enter/adhere

Answer 46

external features: envelopes, peplomer, capsids

Question 47

what are the things that allow themt o hook on

Answer 47

flagella (bacteria), peplomers (viruses), hooks (paraistes)

Question 48

how do parasites adhere/enter

Answer 48

external features: surface antigens, mechanical attachemtn

Question 49

what can use endocytosis to enter

Answer 49

bacteria, fungi, viruses, paraiste

Question 50

how must viruses enter body

Answer 50

via host cell from fusion or endocytosis

Question 51

what is unusual about parasite larvae and entrance

Answer 51

they can enter skin directly

Question 52

what are the three main portals of entery into body

Answer 52

mucus membrane skin parenteral

Question 53

what is parenteral transmission

Answer 53

below skin and mucous membrane, so into tissue

Question 54

what is the most common and easiest portal of entry into body

Answer 54

mucus membrane

Question 55

how do microbes enter vmucus membrane

Answer 55

via respiratory tract, microbes inhaled into mouth or nose in droplets of moisture or dust particles

Question 56

what are some common diseases that enter via respiratory tract

Answer 56

``` Common cold Flu Tuberculosis Whooping cough Pneumonia Measles Strep Throat Diphtheria ```

Question 57

besides repiratory what is another way microbes can enter via mucus membrane

Answer 57

GI tract - contaiminated hand and touch mouth

Question 58

most microbes that enter GI tract are destroyed how

Answer 58

HCL and enzymes of stomach or bile & enzymes of SI

Question 59

What are some common disease that are contracted vi GI tract

Answer 59

``` Salmonellosis Salmonella sp. Shigellosis Shigella sp. Cholera Vibrio cholorae Ulcers Helicobacter pylori Botulism Clostridium botulinum ```

Question 60

through unbroken skin how do some microbes enter skin

Answer 60

openings in skin: hair follicles, sweat glands

Question 61

parenteral transmission is most commonly through what

Answer 61

breakage in skin | microorganisms are deposited into tissues below skin or mucus membrane

Question 62

what are some methods that parenternal entry can happen

Answer 62

``` Punctures Injections Bites Scratches Surgery Splitting of skin due to swelling or dryness ```

Question 63

what are different shapes of bacteria

Answer 63

``` Cocci Bacilli-rods Spirochetes Pleomorphic (pg 26) ```

Question 64

what is the ssize range of bacteria

Answer 64

.2 to 5 microns

Question 65

what is mycoplasma

Answer 65

bacteria with no cell wall | smallest bacteria

Question 66

e. coli is what shape

Answer 66

rod

Question 67

staphyloccus is a what shape

Answer 67

coccus (cocci)

Question 68

what is tightly packed chromosome in bacteria called

Answer 68

nucleoid

Question 69

what are 5 things almost always in structure of prokaryotic

Answer 69

1. Cell Wall 2. Plasma Membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes 5. Nucleoid

Question 70

what are optional additions for prokaryotic

Answer 70

6. +/- Plasmids 7. +/- Capsule 8. +/- Biofilms 9. +/- Flagella 10. +/- Pili/Fimbrae 11. +/-Axial Filaments +/- Spores Plus Bacterial Products

Question 71

describe capsule in bacteria

Answer 71

outer layer around cell wall. | difficult for immune system to engulf via phagocytosis

Question 72

what is another name for capsule

Answer 72

slime layer

Question 73

describe biofilms in bacteria

Answer 73

similar to capsules - cover bacterial colony | prevent penetration of antibiotics

Question 74

describe axial filament in bacteria

Answer 74

specialized flagellum that doesn't go all the way to outside

Question 75

what do endospores do

Answer 75

let bacteria live in bad conditions until they are able to live/reproduce

Question 76

what is function of bacterial cell wall

Answer 76

support - helps it not collapse or expand in hypertonicity or hypotonicity

Question 77

describe gram positive & gram negative & acid fast stain what is it used for

Answer 77

to see cell wall characteristics of bacteria

Question 78

how is gram stain done

Answer 78

``` fix bacteria on slide stain what is in it fix crystal violet iodine treatment decolorization counter stain safranin ```

Question 79

gram positive are what color

Answer 79

blue/purple

Question 80

gram negative stain what color

Answer 80

pink

Question 81

bacterial cell wall made of what

Answer 81

peptidoglycan

Question 82

in gram positive

Answer 82

there is enough peptidoglycan to stain

Question 83

gram negative - what happens when it is washed after it is stained?

Answer 83

not enough peptidoglycan to fix the crystal violet so it's washed out

Question 84

why is gram stain useful

Answer 84

can be done quickly and help you know how you will treat pt

Question 85

arrangement of cell wall in gram neg vs pos

Answer 85

gram pos - cell wall outside of plasma membrane | gram neg - two membranes, outer and inner. periplasmic space in b/w them which is where the peptidoglycan is

Question 86

what is example of gram pos bacteria

Answer 86

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 87

describe cell wall in gram positive

Answer 87

thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 88

teichoic acids & lipoteichoic aids are what

Answer 88

a part of cell wall in gram positve bacteria

Question 89

look at gram pos pics

Answer 89

32 & 33

Question 90

components of cell wall of gram negative

Answer 90

outer membrane - lipoplysaccharide thin layer of peptidoglycan b/w inner and outer membrane thinner than in gram pos

Question 91

lipopolysaccharide is also referred to:

Answer 91

endotoxin

Question 92

LPS stands for

Answer 92

lipopolysaccharide

Question 93

is lipopolysaccharide found in gram pos?

Answer 93

no

Question 94

what are three main parts of lipopolysaccharide

Answer 94

O-Antigen Core polysaccharide – Lipid A

Question 95

what is lipid A?

Answer 95

toxic component of endotoxin

Question 96

what is gram negative bacilli

Answer 96

E.Coli

Question 97

look at pics of gram neg.

Answer 97

36 37

Question 98

what is space b/w inner and outer membrane in gram neg

Answer 98

periplasmic space

Question 99

streptocci is a what

Answer 99

cocci

Question 100

what is a cocci

Answer 100

shape of bacteria - round