causes of acute inflammation
pathogenic organisms
mechanical trauma
chemical- pH upset
extreme conditions
dead tissue
hypersensitivity
symptoms of acute inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
benefits of acute inflammation
symptoms means area gets protected
neutrophils destroy organism and denature antigen for macrophages
plasma proteins means process stays localised
microvascular change in acute inflammation
dilate local arterioles
decrease in permeability
increase in movement of neutrophils to ESF
produce chemical mediators
how is exudate formed
plasma leaks from capillaries into ECF
whats in exudate
proteins
immunoglobulins
fibrinogen
neutrophils
exudate causes
swelling- oedema
pain and reduced function
what do neutrophils do
- recognise antigen
- move towards it- chemotaxis
- stick to it
- release granules of peroxide
- phagocytose and destroy
- die and turn into pus
where are chemical mediators found and released
endothelial cell wall
released from cells into plasma
purpose of chemical mediators
- vasodilation
- increase permeability
- neutrophil adhesion
- chemotaxis
- itch and pain
immediate effects of acute inflammation
pyrexia
malaise
neutrophilia- increase WBC
long term effects of acute inflammation
lymphadenopathy
weight loss
anemia
outcomes of acute inflammation
suppuration
abscess
organisation
dissemination
outcomes of acute inflammation: suppuration
pus formation
pyogenic membrane surrounds pus
outcomes of acute inflammation: abscess
collection of pus under pressure
outcomes of acute inflammation: organisation
granulation tissue leads to fibrosis and formation of a scar
outcomes of acute inflammation: dissemination
spread to bloodstream- septic
bacteraemia vs septicaemia
bacteraemia- bacteria in blood
septicaemia- bacteria growing in blood
definition of shock
inability to perfuse tissue
symptoms of shock
high heart rate
low BP
pyrexia
peripheral vasodilation
cell types found in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
causes of chronic inflammation
from acute- large damage or doesn’t improve
primary:
- autoimmune
- artificial- sutures, joints etc
- material that can’t be digested- mycobacteria
- endogenous- nectoric tissue
organisation in chronic inflammation
angiogenesis creates new blood vessels
leads to fibroses and scar tissue
leads to healing repair
what brings about angiogenesis
capillary buds are formed when
VEGF is released by hypoxic cells
