Inflammation

Question 1

PGG2

Answer 1

Prostaglandin 2

• inhibit HCL production in stomach
• regulate blood pressure (

Question 2

COX-1 inhibitors

Answer 2

Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Acetaminophen
Indomethacin

Question 3

COX-2 inhibitors

Answer 3

Viox CAUSES THROMBOSIS!
Celebrex
Meloxicam

Question 4

Steroids inhibit what?

Answer 4

Phosophlipases from synthesizing arachidonic acid which prevents all other reactions

Question 5

Most powerful steroid?

Answer 5

Prednisone

Question 6

TXA2

Answer 6

Thromboxane

Question 7

TXA2

Answer 7

Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Produced by platelets

Question 8

PGI2

Answer 8

Prostacyclin

Question 9

PGI2

Answer 9

Causes vasodilation
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Produced by endothelial cells

Question 10

PGD2

Answer 10

Lungs
BRONCHOSPASM
mast cells
Baldness (alopecia)

Question 11

PGE2

Answer 11

Kidney
Hyperalgesia (pain)
Fever
Uterine contraction (induces labor)

Question 12

PGF2

Answer 12

Corpus luteum

• ->Luteolysis
• –> stops production of progesterone
• —> induces labor

Question 13

Bronchospasm

Answer 13

Histamine
PGD2
Leukotrienes

Question 14

Lipoxin A4 & B4

Answer 14

Vasodilation
Inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis
Stimulate monocytes adhesion
Enzyme 12-lipoxygenase

Question 15

Arachadonic acid becomes?

Answer 15

Cyclooxygenase Cox1 cox2

5-lipoxygenase

Question 16

Cyclooxygenase becomes?

Answer 16

Prostaglandins

Question 17

5-lipoxigenase becomes?

Answer 17

Leukotrienes

Question 18

NSAIDS

Answer 18

COX-1 inhibitors
Lead to kidney problems and stomach irritation/ulceration because no COX-1 is produced
No COX-1 = HCL levels increase
Ex: ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (aleve) , indomethacin, and aspirin

Question 19

Leukotrienes

Answer 19

Vasoconstriction- balances out vasodilation
Bronchospasm
Increased permeability
Enzyme 5-lipoxygenase

Question 20

Tumor necrosis factor

Answer 20

Produced by activated macrophages
Induces inflammatory response
Medications for RA, ankylosis get spondylitis, etc, inhibit TNF and may lead to lymphomas etc
HUMERA INHIBITS TNF

Question 21

IL-1 and IL-6

Answer 21

(Interleukin)
Produced by T helper cells
Induces acute inflammatory

Question 22

Acute phase responses

Answer 22

Fever
Increase ability of the body to fight against intruders
Decreased appetite (anorexia )
Increased sleep
Important to autoimmune disease
Increased Acute phase proteins ( C-RP=C reactive protein) and (ESR= erythrocytes sedimentation rate)
Vasodilation (may lead to shock)
Neutrophilia- increase amount of neutrophils
Creates an environment that aids the body in dealing with the cause of inflammation

Question 23

Kinin cascade

Answer 23

Hageman factor (CF XII)-->
Prekallikrein-->
Kallikrein-->
Kininogen-->
Bradykinin

Question 24

Prekallikrein

Answer 24

Vasodilation
Promotes the vascular component of the inflammation
Short lived: 5-10 minutes

Question 25

C3a, C4a, C5a

Answer 25

Refers to fragment that has been separated from the complement part Promotes secretion of histamine from mast cell granules Participate in inflammation sometimes In nature they are derived from plasma

Question 26

Bradykinin

Answer 26

Causes vasodilation Promotes vascular component of inflammation Increased permeability Increased permeability of the vessel via prostacyclin and NO Small peptide with short life 5-10 minutes

Question 27

Lymphangitis

Answer 27

Appears as a red Ropey line Lymphatic capillaries ---> inflammation of lymphatic vessels Enlarged and painful lymph nodes

Question 28

Lymphadenitis

Answer 28

Enlarged and painful inflamed lymph nodes Accumulation of bacteria Painless= cancer (metastasis of lymph nodes)

Question 29

Bacteremia

Answer 29

Infection if bacteria in blood Very dangerous Septicemia-accumulation of bacteria metabolism toxic products

Question 30

Leukocyte is

Answer 30

Increased leukocytes in blood >9,000 per 1 cubic mm Due to infected blood

Question 31

Neutrophilia

Answer 31

Normal 55-60 Acute bacterial infection (such as appendicitis) Can increase up to 80-90% of circulating wbc's

Question 32

Lymphocytosis

Answer 32

Normal 20-25 | VIRAL INFECTION

Question 33

Eosinophils

Answer 33

``` Normal 2-4 Allergic reactions (type 1 hypersensitivity) PARASITIC INFECTION (worms) ```

Question 34

Long term soft tissue inflammation

Answer 34

Results in osteopenia | Bones in vicinity lose their density

Question 35

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 35

Hands and joins swollen lots of pain Inflammation can destroy tissue---> repair--> fibrillation and connective tissue around Inflammation can destroy bone

Question 36

Chronic inflammation

Answer 36

Duration 6-8 weeks minimum Character of exudate but NOT exudate (usually does not have this because it is found in acute not chronic) Cell content: ONLY MACROPHAGES AND LYMPHOCYTES produce immunoglobulins Selected agents typically involved in chronic inflammation: Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. Leprae Listeria Treponema pallidum Bruxelles

Question 37

Chronic inflammation arises in the following settings

Answer 37

Viral infection Persistent microbial infection prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents Autoimmune diseases

Question 38

Nonspecific chronic inflammation

Answer 38

A diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes develops at the site of injury

Question 39

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 39

``` Formation of granuloma From inside out: Epitheliod cells (changed macrophages)---> lymphocytes-->fibroblasts-->connective tissue Multinucleated giant cell in the center Develops from TB ```

Question 40

Pneumoconiosis - silicosis and asbestosis

Answer 40

Kung disease from inhalation of industrial toxic fumes | Tissue damage and replacement by scar tissue