Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Path > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Huntingtons diseas

A

30-35 y/o
Striatal nuclei, loss of motion
Chorea (jerking movements)
Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondi

Ghandi was the shit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thalidomide

A

Pfizer drug given to pregnant women

Babies born with 1 eye no extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parameningeal infection

A

Brain abscess due to improper treatment of pimples
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sjogrën’s syndrome

A

Autoimmune
Females over 35
Total dryness of mucous membranes
Bilateral parotitis: inflamed parotid glands, look like hamsters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Local disease

A

Confined to one organ/region of the bady

Ex: stomach cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Focal damage

A

Limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ

Ex: one tumor in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diffuse damage

A

Uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ
ENTIRE ORGAN IS AFFECTED
Ex: entire stomach is cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Oxidanormally phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine
However if oxidase is not produced, homogentistic acid (an intermediate), aka alkapton, is not converted
Homogentistic acid accumulates and is excreted in The urine causing urine to appear black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homogentistic acid

A

Can accumulate in specific tissues causing ONCHRONOSIS
Cartilage is site of accumulation
Leads to osteoarthritis and sever degeneration
Calcifies IVDs
Alkapton deposits in ears
Ears look blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Accumulation of normal metabolite

A

Alkaptonuria

Homogentistic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Activation of an alternative pathway

A

Phenylketonuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

50% of phenylalanine is used
50% is converted to tyrosine
Non-production of the enzyme hydroxylase results in a switch to an alternative pathway
—> production of phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid and phenylacetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

A

Gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gout

A

Metabolic disorder
3 factors:
1) gouty arthritis
2) deposition of uric acid salts in joints/ tissues
3) deposition of salts in kidneys–> renal failure
Impaired purine metabolism
Asymmetrical presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tophus

A

Deposition in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tropism

A

Attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium (protozoa) in RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Echinococcus

A

Meat with worms egg

Balloon shaped bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydropic changes

A

Aka cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration

Nephron tubule cells
Steatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Residual bodies

A

Intracellular accumulation (inside cell)
Possibly due to damaged organelles
Remains of injury left inside the cell
Liver, kidney, nervous tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hyalinization

A

Reversible change
protein accumulation
Intra (inside) or Inter cellular (in between)
Looks like hyaline cartilage under microscope but is not,
it is protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intracellular deposition

A 
Reabsorption droplets
Mallory alcoholic hyaline (mallory bodies)
Russell bodies
Dutcher bodies
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Residual bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reabsorption droplets

A

Aka minimal change disease
Renal proximal convoluted tubule cells
Abnormal protein loss in urine
Cells try to prevent loss and become filled with protein droplets
When no more protein is excreted in urine protein droplets are released back into urine and cells return to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mallory alcoholic hyaline (bodies)
Found in liver hepatocytes | From drinking, reversible
26
Russell bodies
Deposition of protein into cytoplasm of cell | Seen in multiple myeloma
27
Dutcher bodies
Protein deposition into the nuclei of cells
28
Multiple myeloma
Uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function if plasma cells in bone marrow Bence jones protein seen in urine
29
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
``` Aka: -hyper viscosity syndrome -lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma Type of lymphoma due to MONOCLONAL tumor Cancer of B lymphocytes resulting in overproduction of IgM antibodies Russel and dutcher bodies seen in this Bence jones protein seen in urine ```
30
Intercellular / extracellulardeposition
Irreversible structural changes Lacunar infarct Obstruction of lumen of small vessels Ischemia/ infarction leads to tissue necrosis Increased brittleness of vessels leads to intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
31
Amyloid
The generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium in a spectrum of clinical disorders Irreversible
32
Amyloidosis
Death within a year or two
33
Poliomyelitis
Irreversible loss of anterior horn of the spinal cord which provide motor function muscles atrophy without neuronal stimulation only prevented by vaccine
34
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Number one cause of hypothyroidism in the USA Antibodies attack TSH receptors on the thyroid bind and block TSH Discovered in 1913 Results and atrophy of the gland
35
Graves disease
2 to 1 ratio female to male hyperthyroidism Antibodies bind to TSH receptor's in mimic TSH stimulate thyroid to produce excess amount of thyroid hormone thyroid gland hypertrophy's characterized by toxic going to her and sometimes exophthalmos
36
Coagulative necrosis
Heart Conservation of size shape and strength for several days Characterized by denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins ,breakdown of cell organelles , cells swelling , infarct
37
White infarct
Occurs in tissue with a single blood supply example heart because only one vessel supplies at the coronary artery
38
Red infarct
Occurs in tissues with two or more vessels supplying it example longs or liver
39
Liquefactive necrosis
Brain Complete digestion of dead cells resulting in transformation of the tissue into liquid viscous mass IE melting of tissue Example stroke usually ski make type a.k.a. brain infarct formation of a cavity
40
Casseous necrosis
Lungs Cheese like a Morphis granular debris coagulated sales debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border known as granulomatous reaction Tuberculosis leprosy
41
Gummatous necrosis
Syphilis : treponema palidum
42
Zenkers necrosis
Severe waxy or glassing the grossest of skeletal muscles in acute infectious disease is especially in typhoid or Colorado Dragon scale appearance
43
Fat necrosis
Stanton across this in the grossest of adipose tissue you characterized by formation of calcium soaps one fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acid's example is pancreatonecrosis
44
Fibrinoid necrosis
Heart Occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dining common with immunopathology's such as rheumatic myocarditis from rheumatic fever Formation of ASCHOFFS NODES
45
Aschoffs nodes
Nodes are seeing in intermuscular connective tissue surrounding inflammatory cells
46
Gangrene
A.k.a. gangrenous necrosis | A considerable mass of body tissue dies
47
Dry gangrene
A condition when coagulation is sustained | Caused by ischemia atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus
48
Systemic sclerosis a.k.a. scleroderma
A form of dry gangrene is vasospasm and obliteration of small blood vessel's due to too much production of stuff
49
Birthed s dis as
A.k.a. thromboangiitis obliterans form of dry gangrene seen in smokers results in development of antibodies that attack endothelial cells
50
What gangrene
Enzymes of invading phagocytic cells breakdown the necrotic to breed and produce some liquefaction an example would be bedsores or naked bones aka polyarteritie modosa Anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringes and bacillus Fusiformis
51
Gas gangrene
Bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues Anaerobic streptococci and Clostridium perfringes Hernia
52
Apoptosis
Greek for falling off, pathway for cell death, seen in menstruation
53
Anthracosis
Deposition and accumulation of carbon in the tissues of lungs
54
Coal worker pneumoconiosis
Lung disease caused by inhalation of carbon particles
55
Brown atrophy
Lipofuscin a.k.a. lipochrome where in tear pigment free radical peroxidation of poly unsaturated lipids of sub cellular membranes
56
Homogentisic acid
Black and abnormal pigment onchronosis, alcaptonuria leads to disc calcification
57
Hemosiderin
Excessive iron
58
Hemosiderosis
Deposition of hemosiderin in many organs and tissues in the cases of systemic overload of iron does not affect tissue function
59
Hemochromatosis bantu siderosis
Bantu siderosis Primary hemochromatosis is genetic seen in males 7 to 1 increased absorption of iron in the G.I. tract up to 50 mg one normal is 5 to 6 accumulation of iron in the liver leads to cancer Secondary hemochromatosis is acquired a.k.a. transfusion reaction seen in malaria hemolytic anemia ingestion of alcohol kept an iron barrels this is bantu siderosis
60
Wilson's disease
A.k.a. hepatolenticular degenerationrare genetic disease and males copper does not bind to alpha-2 globulin copper ring at periphery of cornea KAISER FLEISCHER RING Damage of midbrain ganglia resulting in motor dysfunction Parkinson's like syndrome D-PENICILLAMINE!!!!
61
Dystrophic calcification
Deposition of calcium salts into necrotic or atrophic soft tissues Ghons focus Systemic scleroderma aka sclerodactyly Calcific stenosis of heart valves
62
Ghon's focus
Found in lungs
63
Metastatic calcification
Hypercalcemia deposition of calcium into tissues that are not necrotic are trophic example kidney stone increase the creation of PTH destruction of bone vitamin D related disorders sarcoidosis Renal failure in secondary hyperparathyroidism
64
Two components of information
One vascular component to cellular component
65
Exudate
Protein rich fluid and blood cells and sometimes micro organism specific gravity 1.020
66
Transudate
Not protein rich specific gravity less than 1.012
67
Serous inflammation
Large amount of watery exudate Response to mild injury Example common cold watery discharge from eyes and nose or second-degree burns blisters
68
Fibrinous inflammation
Fibrinogen in the exudate Enzymatic formation of fibrin strands can be dangerous Example dramatic pericarditis
69
Suppurative inflammation
PUS Three types Abscess: localize accumulation of pus that develops at a focus Cellulitis: diffuse, widespread suppurative inflammation Empyema: in 2 cavities Plueral and subdural
70
Hemorrhagic inflammation
Accumulation of red blood cells at site of information right blood cells do not participate in inflammatory response
71
Neutrophils
55 to 60% in circulation first to arrive at the site of inflammation lifespan eight hours to three days 3 to 4 lobes
72
Eosinophils
Red granules 2 lobes 2-4%
73
Basophils
Blue granules 2 lobes .5-1%
74
Mononuclear cells
Are agranular | Lymphocytes and monocytes
75
Lymphocytes
20 to 25%
76
Monocytes a.k.a. macrophages
4 to 8% in circulation largest cells and blood lifespan is years second to arrive at the site of inflammation antigen presenting cells
77
Oxygen independent
Enzymes | Defensin
78
Oxygen dependent
Anions
79
Chronic granulomatous disease of children
Not able to produce free radicals
80
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Impairment of cell motility | White blood cells are not able to degranulate
81
Phagocytic cells
Neutrophils Monocytes/ macrophages Eosinophils
82
Serotonin
Produced by platelets
83
Substance P
Neuropeptide promotes pain
84
Nitric oxide
Mediator of sympathetic nervous system inhibitor of cellular components of inflammation
85
Bronchospasm
Caused by histamine PGD2 and Lucotirenes
86
Prostacyclin a.k.a. PGI 2
Opposite is thromboxane | Causes vasodilation platelet inhibition
87
Phospholipases
Are inhibited by steroids
88
PGD2
Mast cells bronchospasm baldness
89
PGE2
Hyperalgesia a.k.a. pain fever and induces labor
90
PGF 2alpha
Corpus luteum luteolysis | Stops production of progesterone induces labor
91
Lymphangitis
Appears as a red rope
92
Lymphadenitis
Large and painful if painless it means cancer
93
Leukocytosis
Increased leukocytes in blood greater than 9000 per cubic millimeter
94
Neutrophilia
Percentage more than 60 in blood can increase up to 80 to 90% of circulating white blood cells
95
Eosinophilia
Parasitic infection
96
Monocytosis
Chronic bacterial infection can increase up to 50% of circulating white blood cells infectious mononucleosis lymphadenopathy of neck and upper thoracic lymph nodes
97
Chronic inflammation
Duration 6 to 8 weeks does not contain exudate Arises from viral infection or persistent microbial infection due to prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents or autoimmune disease is
98
Aseptic osteonecrosis
Compressed blood vessels leads to infarction dissolution of bone without infection joint and bone loss
99
Acute inflammation
Duration 7 to 10 days contains exudate
100
Revascularization
A.k.a. angiogenesis occurs in a loosely jailed protein rich exudate that forms at the David site granulation tissue
101
Primary healing
Healing of incision or severing wound of the skin
102
Secondary healing
Wound edges are not closely opposed asymmetrical healing right angles
103
Contracture
Newly formed college and demonstrates an exaggerated wound contraction response as it matures
104
Stricture
Narrowing of lumen of Organ and example is hourglass stomach
105
Adhesions
Joining of serous membrane's restriction of movement and structures
106
Dehiscence
Breaking open of a healing wound possibly due to pressure on the wound
107
Keloids
Result from the overproduction of dermal college in during healing transforming growth factor beta
108
Proud flesh
Overproduction of granulation tissue you exuberant granulations
109
Herniation
Displacement of an organ from its normal body cavity

Path (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions