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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Huntingtons diseas

A

30-35 y/o
Striatal nuclei, loss of motion
Chorea (jerking movements)
Dementia

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2
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondi

Ghandi was the shit

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3
Q

Thalidomide

A

Pfizer drug given to pregnant women

Babies born with 1 eye no extremities

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4
Q

Parameningeal infection

A

Brain abscess due to improper treatment of pimples
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

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5
Q

Sjogrën’s syndrome

A

Autoimmune
Females over 35
Total dryness of mucous membranes
Bilateral parotitis: inflamed parotid glands, look like hamsters

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6
Q

Local disease

A

Confined to one organ/region of the bady

Ex: stomach cancer

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7
Q

Focal damage

A

Limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ

Ex: one tumor in stomach

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8
Q

Diffuse damage

A

Uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ
ENTIRE ORGAN IS AFFECTED
Ex: entire stomach is cancerous

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9
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Oxidanormally phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine
However if oxidase is not produced, homogentistic acid (an intermediate), aka alkapton, is not converted
Homogentistic acid accumulates and is excreted in The urine causing urine to appear black

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10
Q

Homogentistic acid

A

Can accumulate in specific tissues causing ONCHRONOSIS
Cartilage is site of accumulation
Leads to osteoarthritis and sever degeneration
Calcifies IVDs
Alkapton deposits in ears
Ears look blue

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11
Q

Accumulation of normal metabolite

A

Alkaptonuria

Homogentistic acid

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12
Q

Activation of an alternative pathway

A

Phenylketonuria

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13
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

50% of phenylalanine is used
50% is converted to tyrosine
Non-production of the enzyme hydroxylase results in a switch to an alternative pathway
—> production of phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid and phenylacetic acid

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14
Q

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

A

Gout

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15
Q

Gout

A

Metabolic disorder
3 factors:
1) gouty arthritis
2) deposition of uric acid salts in joints/ tissues
3) deposition of salts in kidneys–> renal failure
Impaired purine metabolism
Asymmetrical presentation

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16
Q

Tophus

A

Deposition in tissue

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17
Q

Tropism

A

Attraction

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18
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium (protozoa) in RBCs

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19
Q

Echinococcus

A

Meat with worms egg

Balloon shaped bodies

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20
Q

Hydropic changes

A

Aka cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration

Nephron tubule cells
Steatosis

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21
Q

Residual bodies

A

Intracellular accumulation (inside cell)
Possibly due to damaged organelles
Remains of injury left inside the cell
Liver, kidney, nervous tissues

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22
Q

Hyalinization

A

Reversible change
protein accumulation
Intra (inside) or Inter cellular (in between)
Looks like hyaline cartilage under microscope but is not,
it is protein

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23
Q

Intracellular deposition

A 
Reabsorption droplets
Mallory alcoholic hyaline (mallory bodies)
Russell bodies
Dutcher bodies
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Residual bodies
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24
Q

Reabsorption droplets

A

Aka minimal change disease
Renal proximal convoluted tubule cells
Abnormal protein loss in urine
Cells try to prevent loss and become filled with protein droplets
When no more protein is excreted in urine protein droplets are released back into urine and cells return to normal

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25
Q

Mallory alcoholic hyaline (bodies)

A

Found in liver hepatocytes

From drinking, reversible

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26
Q

Russell bodies

A

Deposition of protein into cytoplasm of cell

Seen in multiple myeloma

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27
Q

Dutcher bodies

A

Protein deposition into the nuclei of cells

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28
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function if plasma cells in bone marrow
Bence jones protein seen in urine

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29
Q

Waldenström macroglobulinemia

A 
Aka:
-hyper viscosity syndrome 
-lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
Type of lymphoma due to MONOCLONAL tumor
Cancer of B lymphocytes resulting in overproduction of IgM antibodies 
Russel and dutcher bodies seen in this
Bence jones protein seen in urine
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30
Q

Intercellular / extracellulardeposition

A

Irreversible structural changes
Lacunar infarct
Obstruction of lumen of small vessels
Ischemia/ infarction leads to tissue necrosis
Increased brittleness of vessels leads to intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

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31
Q

Amyloid

A

The generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium in a spectrum of clinical disorders
Irreversible

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32
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Death within a year or two

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33
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Irreversible loss of anterior horn of the spinal cord which provide motor function muscles atrophy without neuronal stimulation only prevented by vaccine

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34
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Number one cause of hypothyroidism in the USA
Antibodies attack TSH receptors on the thyroid bind and block TSH
Discovered in 1913
Results and atrophy of the gland

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35
Q

Graves disease

A

2 to 1 ratio female to male
hyperthyroidism
Antibodies bind to TSH receptor’s in mimic TSH stimulate thyroid to produce excess amount of thyroid hormone thyroid gland hypertrophy’s characterized by toxic going to her and sometimes exophthalmos

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36
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Heart
Conservation of size shape and strength for several days
Characterized by denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins ,breakdown of cell organelles , cells swelling , infarct

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37
Q

White infarct

A

Occurs in tissue with a single blood supply example heart because only one vessel supplies at the coronary artery

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38
Q

Red infarct

A

Occurs in tissues with two or more vessels supplying it example longs or liver

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39
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain

Complete digestion of dead cells resulting in transformation of the tissue into liquid viscous mass IE melting of tissue
Example stroke usually ski make type a.k.a. brain infarct formation of a cavity

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40
Q

Casseous necrosis

A

Lungs

Cheese like a Morphis granular debris coagulated sales debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border known as granulomatous reaction
Tuberculosis leprosy

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41
Q

Gummatous necrosis

A

Syphilis : treponema palidum

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42
Q

Zenkers necrosis

A

Severe waxy or glassing the grossest of skeletal muscles in acute infectious disease is especially in typhoid or Colorado Dragon scale appearance

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43
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Stanton across this in the grossest of adipose tissue you characterized by formation of calcium soaps one fat is hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acid’s example is pancreatonecrosis

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44
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Heart
Occurs in the walls of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dining common with immunopathology’s such as rheumatic myocarditis from rheumatic fever
Formation of ASCHOFFS NODES

45
Q

Aschoffs nodes

A

Nodes are seeing in intermuscular connective tissue surrounding inflammatory cells

46
Q

Gangrene

A

A.k.a. gangrenous necrosis

A considerable mass of body tissue dies

47
Q

Dry gangrene

A

A condition when coagulation is sustained

Caused by ischemia atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus

48
Q

Systemic sclerosis a.k.a. scleroderma

A

A form of dry gangrene is vasospasm and obliteration of small blood vessel’s due to too much production of stuff

49
Q

Birthed s dis as

A

A.k.a. thromboangiitis obliterans form of dry gangrene seen in smokers results in development of antibodies that attack endothelial cells

50
Q

What gangrene

A

Enzymes of invading phagocytic cells breakdown the necrotic to breed and produce some liquefaction an example would be bedsores or naked bones aka polyarteritie modosa
Anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringes and bacillus Fusiformis

51
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues
Anaerobic streptococci and Clostridium perfringes
Hernia

52
Q

Apoptosis

A

Greek for falling off, pathway for cell death, seen in menstruation

53
Q

Anthracosis

A

Deposition and accumulation of carbon in the tissues of lungs

54
Q

Coal worker pneumoconiosis

A

Lung disease caused by inhalation of carbon particles

55
Q

Brown atrophy

A

Lipofuscin a.k.a. lipochrome where in tear pigment free radical peroxidation of poly unsaturated lipids of sub cellular membranes

56
Q

Homogentisic acid

A

Black and abnormal pigment onchronosis, alcaptonuria leads to disc calcification

57
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Excessive iron

58
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

Deposition of hemosiderin in many organs and tissues in the cases of systemic overload of iron does not affect tissue function

59
Q

Hemochromatosis bantu siderosis

A

Bantu siderosis
Primary hemochromatosis is genetic seen in males 7 to 1 increased absorption of iron in the G.I. tract up to 50 mg one normal is 5 to 6 accumulation of iron in the liver leads to cancer
Secondary hemochromatosis is acquired a.k.a. transfusion reaction seen in malaria hemolytic anemia ingestion of alcohol kept an iron barrels this is bantu siderosis

60
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

A.k.a. hepatolenticular degenerationrare genetic disease and males copper does not bind to alpha-2 globulin copper ring at periphery of cornea KAISER FLEISCHER RING
Damage of midbrain ganglia resulting in motor dysfunction Parkinson’s like syndrome
D-PENICILLAMINE!!!!

61
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Deposition of calcium salts into necrotic or atrophic soft tissues
Ghons focus
Systemic scleroderma aka sclerodactyly
Calcific stenosis of heart valves

62
Q

Ghon’s focus

A

Found in lungs

63
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Hypercalcemia deposition of calcium into tissues that are not necrotic are trophic example kidney stone increase the creation of PTH
destruction of bone
vitamin D related disorders
sarcoidosis
Renal failure in secondary hyperparathyroidism

64
Q

Two components of information

A

One vascular component to cellular component

65
Q

Exudate

A

Protein rich fluid and blood cells and sometimes micro organism specific gravity 1.020

66
Q

Transudate

A

Not protein rich specific gravity less than 1.012

67
Q

Serous inflammation

A

Large amount of watery exudate
Response to mild injury
Example common cold watery discharge from eyes and nose or second-degree burns blisters

68
Q

Fibrinous inflammation

A

Fibrinogen in the exudate
Enzymatic formation of fibrin strands can be dangerous
Example dramatic pericarditis

69
Q

Suppurative inflammation

A

PUS
Three types
Abscess: localize accumulation of pus that develops at a focus
Cellulitis: diffuse, widespread suppurative inflammation
Empyema: in 2 cavities
Plueral and subdural

70
Q

Hemorrhagic inflammation

A

Accumulation of red blood cells at site of information right blood cells do not participate in inflammatory response

71
Q

Neutrophils

A

55 to 60% in circulation first to arrive at the site of inflammation lifespan eight hours to three days 3 to 4 lobes

72
Q

Eosinophils

A

Red granules
2 lobes
2-4%

73
Q

Basophils

A

Blue granules
2 lobes
.5-1%

74
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Are agranular

Lymphocytes and monocytes

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20 to 25%

76
Q

Monocytes a.k.a. macrophages

A

4 to 8% in circulation largest cells and blood
lifespan is years
second to arrive at the site of inflammation
antigen presenting cells

77
Q

Oxygen independent

A

Enzymes

Defensin

78
Q

Oxygen dependent

A

Anions

79
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease of children

A

Not able to produce free radicals

80
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

Impairment of cell motility

White blood cells are not able to degranulate

81
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/ macrophages
Eosinophils

82
Q

Serotonin

A

Produced by platelets

83
Q

Substance P

A

Neuropeptide promotes pain

84
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Mediator of sympathetic nervous system inhibitor of cellular components of inflammation

85
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Caused by histamine PGD2 and Lucotirenes

86
Q

Prostacyclin a.k.a. PGI 2

A

Opposite is thromboxane

Causes vasodilation platelet inhibition

87
Q

Phospholipases

A

Are inhibited by steroids

88
Q

PGD2

A

Mast cells bronchospasm baldness

89
Q

PGE2

A

Hyperalgesia a.k.a. pain fever and induces labor

90
Q

PGF 2alpha

A

Corpus luteum luteolysis

Stops production of progesterone induces labor

91
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Appears as a red rope

92
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Large and painful if painless it means cancer

93
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased leukocytes in blood greater than 9000 per cubic millimeter

94
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Percentage more than 60 in blood can increase up to 80 to 90% of circulating white blood cells

95
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Parasitic infection

96
Q

Monocytosis

A

Chronic bacterial infection can increase up to 50% of circulating white blood cells infectious mononucleosis lymphadenopathy of neck and upper thoracic lymph nodes

97
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Duration 6 to 8 weeks does not contain exudate
Arises from viral infection or persistent microbial infection due to prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents or autoimmune disease is

98
Q

Aseptic osteonecrosis

A

Compressed blood vessels leads to infarction dissolution of bone without infection joint and bone loss

99
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Duration 7 to 10 days contains exudate

100
Q

Revascularization

A

A.k.a. angiogenesis occurs in a loosely jailed protein rich exudate that forms at the David site granulation tissue

101
Q

Primary healing

A

Healing of incision or severing wound of the skin

102
Q

Secondary healing

A

Wound edges are not closely opposed asymmetrical healing right angles

103
Q

Contracture

A

Newly formed college and demonstrates an exaggerated wound contraction response as it matures

104
Q

Stricture

A

Narrowing of lumen of Organ and example is hourglass stomach

105
Q

Adhesions

A

Joining of serous membrane’s restriction of movement and structures

106
Q

Dehiscence

A

Breaking open of a healing wound possibly due to pressure on the wound

107
Q

Keloids

A

Result from the overproduction of dermal college in during healing transforming growth factor beta

108
Q

Proud flesh

A

Overproduction of granulation tissue you exuberant granulations

109
Q

Herniation

A

Displacement of an organ from its normal body cavity

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