Infomation Processing

Question 1

Retention Time of iconic memory

Answer 1

1/2 to 1 second

Question 2

Retention time of echois memory

Answer 2

2 to 8 seconds

Question 3

Cocktail party effect

Answer 3

Ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
Someone calls your name
ATC calling your call sign

Question 4

Types of attention

Answer 4

Selective and divided

Question 5

Saliency

Answer 5

Noticeable stand out/intense stimulus

Prominence!

Under high work load brain prefers visual over audio

Question 6

Hypervigilance

Answer 6

Increase state of awareness
High arousal

Reduced ability to perform calculations
Complete tasks faster but less accurately
Reduction of mental resources

Question 7

Hypovigilance

Answer 7

Lack of stimulation

Reduces performance
Behavioural changes

Mental exercises to stay alert

Question 8

Memory is divided into x3 what

Answer 8

Sensory store

Working memory

Long term memory

Question 9

Sensory Store composed of

Answer 9

Iconic memory 1/2 to 1 second (visual)

Echoic memory - 2 to 8 seconds (audio/hearing)

Question 10

Central executive

Answer 10

Complex/significant info but not threatening goes to central executive

The conscious attention of transferring info to working memory to be processed

Question 11

Long Term memory x2

Answer 11

Declarative (everyday) - semantic/episodic

Non declarative procedural memory

Unlimited can hold info for life

Question 12

Semantic Memory

Answer 12

Facts and meaning
Fast and accurate measure
Learning ATPLs
Long term memory store

Part of declarative memory (long term)

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

Places/people/experiences
Part of declarative long term memory
Thoughts and feelings

Question 14

Procedural memory

Answer 14

Long term memory - non declarative memory
Routines/automatic/learned motor skills
Flying a plane

Question 15

Types of learning

Answer 15

Classical Conditioning - associated stimuli

Operant conditioning - voluntary learning

Cognitive learning - thinking/drawing inside knowledge

Observational learning - data from outside source replicated (instructor)

Procedural memory - everyday actions/skills (riding bike)

Question 16

Approaches to learning

Answer 16

Behaviouristic/cognitive/modelling

Question 17

DECIDE Model six steps

Answer 17

DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE

Question 18

Confirmation Bias

Answer 18

Tendency to search for info to confirm a theory while overlooking the information provided.

Tendency to ignore information that confirm a decision is a poor one

To avoid: search for info that could falsify the mental model of the situation

Question 19

Selective attention

Answer 19

Processing information from one input to the exclusion of all others

Question 20

Divided attention

Answer 20

Parallel information processing or rapid attention switching

Requires additional processing capacity

Limits to how much can be done

Impossible to concentrate on 2 different tasks together!

Question 21

Mental Models

Answer 21

Brain builds an image of the exterior world

Question 22

Cognitive Illusion is a

Answer 22

Misinterpretation of sensory inputs

Question 23

DECIDE MODEL

Answer 23

DETECT
ESTIMATE
CHOOSE
IDENTIFY
DO
EVALUATE

Question 24

Stages of info processing

Answer 24

Briefly hold in sensory store
Decide if info worth processing
Transfer to memory story if so
Work on info
Decide on action
Implement action
Store element in long term

Question 25

Definition of attention

Answer 25

Focussing of resources on one set of event at the exclusion of all others Disengage from stimulus Shift attention to new one Engage on the new stimulus

Question 26

What affects out attention

Answer 26

Anxiety/motivation/stress/expectation/cockpit automation

Question 27

Vigilance

Answer 27

Sustaining attention over time on something so as to notice when non ordinary things happen

Question 28

How can hypovigilance occur

Answer 28

Lack to stimulation Constant noise Low lighting High temperature Isolation Fatigue Excess stress

Question 29

What are the three information stores

Answer 29

Sensory store Working memory Long term memory

Question 30

Sensory store is

Answer 30

Information from outside world being detected Small fraction of this will transfer to short term memory If rehearsed will move to long term

Question 31

What is the lowest subconscious attention mechanism in the brain

Answer 31

Amygdala

Question 32

Highly threatening stimulus will be dealt with by

Answer 32

The amygdala which prepares body for physiological response without thinking

Question 33

Temporary incapacitation

Answer 33

Thinking becomes frozen Threatening stimulus halted transfer to the central executive for rational processing

Question 34

Working memory (how much can it hold and how long for)

Answer 34

Short term limited capacity Max 7 bits of information 10-20 seconds unless placed in long term memory Sensitive to interruptions

Question 35

Amnesia

Answer 35

Inability to recall or recognise events that were previously stored in memory

Question 36

How can you improve recall of memory

Answer 36

Rehearsal/reception Context/association

Question 37

Classical conditioning

Answer 37

Type of learning Done by association Praising student for success

Question 38

Cognitive Learning

Answer 38

Type of learning Using cognitive skills to think and visualise

Question 39

Observational Learning

Answer 39

Type of learning Data from outside source which is then replicated Flight instructor and there student on controls

Question 40

Procedural memory - type of learning

Answer 40

Type of long term memory that cannot be consciously recalled Riding bike/different language

Question 41

Andersons Adaptive control of thoughts for acquiring a skill

Answer 41

Declarative memory - knowledge required to perform skill Procedural memory - series of rules needed Working memory - contains active info which is being processed

Question 42

Three phases of learning a new skill

Answer 42

Cognitive phase - theoretical knowledge of what needs to be done Associative phase - practice skill Autonomous phase - automatic skill no conscious thought or attention If not practice will be held in associative phase Stress can also cause to revert to associative phase

Question 43

Mental Schemas allow

Answer 43

Routine actions to become almost automatic freeing up mental capacity

Question 44

Motivation vs learning

Answer 44

Unmotivated does not learn as fast Excessive motivation inhibit learning

Question 45

J.R Andersons stages of acquiring a motor skill

Answer 45

Cognitive phase - learner thinks about each action Associative phase - integrated movements become fluid Automatic phase - execution without conscious control

Question 46

Amygdala

Answer 46

Lowest level of subconscious attention Sensory inputs deemed to be threatening are processed by the amygdala and prepare motor programmes in response to threatening stimulus

Question 47

Top down perception

Answer 47

Making a scene fit with what you expect rather than reality. Influenced by our expectations, prior knowledge and past experiences.

Question 48

Blinkered Attention

Answer 48

Concentrating only for one system instead of the whole system Example: Student pilot on skills test focusing on his height on altimeter as the expense of cross checking his track

Question 49

Passive Monitoring

Answer 49

Watching the system instead of analysing the system

Question 50

Personality

Answer 50

Based on heredity, childhood, upbringing and experience

Question 51

Attitudes

Answer 51

Product of personal disposition and past experience

Question 52

Behaviour

Answer 52

Outward result of attitude and personality combined can be changed

Question 53

Attitude + behaviour =

Answer 53

Personality