Information processing Flashcards
What is information processing?
The ways in which a performer is able to recieve information from the environment, rationalise it and decide what to do with it?
What are the 4 stages to information processing?
- input
- decision making
- output
- feedback
What happens in stage 1 of information processing? (input)
- senses are used to gather cues from the environment
- sight, hearing, touch, balance kinaesthesis
- selective attention
What happens in stage 2 of information processing? (decision making)
- decision is made on what to do
- memory systems reflect on past experiences
- relevant motor programme retrieved and sent to the muscles
What happens in stage 3 of information processing? (output)
Skill is produced
What happens in stage 4 of information processing? (feedback)
Performer recieves information about the skill
What are the stages in Whiting’s information processing model?
- input data from disaplay
- receptor systems
- central mechanisms
- muscular system
- output data
- feedback data
What are the three central mechanisms?
- preceptual mechanism (sensory input)
- translatory mechanism (decision making)
- effector mechanism (action)
What is the environment?
Contains all the information required to perform the skill (it is in the display)
What is the display?
The sporting environment and everything contained in it
(teamates, opponents, ball, pitch)
What happens at the receptor system?
- recieve sensory information from the display
- vision
- audition
- touch
- kinasethesis
- balance
What happens at the preceptual mechanism?
- judgement is made based from the information recieved by the sense receptor systems
- makes sense of the information
- includes the DCR process
- selective attention occurs
(interprets information from the display)
What is the DCR process?
- detection (cues are recieved)
- comparison (cues are compared to ones stored in the memory system)
- recognition (understanding of what response is needed based on the stored memories)
What happens at the translatory mechanism?
- decision is made on what action to perform
- uses information from the preceptual mechanism
- makes decision based on past experiences stored in the memory
- most appropriate response selected as a motor programme telling the body how it should respond
(uses gathered information to make a decision)
What happens at the effector mechanism?
- motor programme is selected
- impulses sent to relevant working muscles to carry out the movemet
(transfers decision via nervous system to the muscles to complete the action)
What happens at the muscular system?
- relevant muscles revieve the impulses
- muscles are ready to initiate the movement required
What is the output data?
The movement is performed
What is the feedback data?
- information about the movement is recieved
- could be intrinsic - proprioception
- could be extrinsic - verbal feedback from coach
What is selective attention?
- when relevant information is focussed on and irrelevant information is filtered away
- only relevant information is acted on
- irrelevant information is disregarded
Why is selective attention important?
- aids concentration
- improves reaction times
- filters out distractions
- controls arousal levels
- reduces chance of information overload in STM
How can you improve selective attention?
- increase intensity of simli
- increase time to react
- increase fitness levels to increase attention span
- highlight relevant cues
- motivate athlete to optimal level of arousal
- mental reharsal to practice selective attention of particular cues
- practice with distractions to block them out
- develop experiences to have more past experiences to compare to
What are the issues with selective attention for beginners?
- information overload
-focus on irrelevant stimuli - unable to focus on correct cues
- loss of concentration
