Information Processing

Question 1

What are the stage of information processing (4)

Answer 1

Input
Decision making
Output
Feedback

Question 2

Explain input in stages of information processing

Answer 2

The senses are used to gather clues from the sporting environment. The cues are then sorted by selective attention into irrelevant cues and relevant cues

Question 3

Explain decision making in stages of information processing

Answer 3

A decision on what cause of action to take is made then the relevant motor programmes is retrieved and sent to the muscles in readiness to produce the skill

Question 4

Explain output in stages of information processing

Answer 4

The skill is produced

Question 5

Explain feedback in stages of information processing

Answer 5

The performer receives information about the skill

Question 6

What is the order if whitings information processing model

Answer 6

Input from the display
Receptor systems
Perceptual mechanisms
Translatory mechanisms
Effector mechanisms
Muscular system
Output data
Feedback data

Question 7

Tell me about the display

Answer 7

The information that is available, some relevant, some is irrelevant

Question 8

Tell me about the receptor systems

Answer 8

Senses from the display,
Vision, audition, proprioception
Proprioception includes touch Kinaesthesis and equilibrium

Question 9

Tell me about perceptual mechanisms

Answer 9

A judgement made regarding the incoming information is received by the sense organs
It include DCR
Detection - receiving cues
Comparison - cues are compared to those stored in the memory system
Recognition - understanding of what response is needed
Selective attention occurs, filters out irrelevant information

Question 10

Why is selective attention important

Answer 10

It aids concentration
Improves reaction time
Filters out any distraction controls arousal levels

Question 11

Tell me about the translatory mechanisms

Answer 11

A decision is made on what action should be taking place with help of previous experiences that are already stored in the memory

Question 12

Tell me about the effector mechanisms

Answer 12

Impulses are sent to the relevant working muscles to carry out the order

Question 13

Tell me about the muscular system

Answer 13

Muscles receive these impulses

Question 14

Tell me about output data

Answer 14

Movement/ action is performed

Question 15

Tell me about feedback data

Answer 15

Intrinsic feedback or extrinsic
This is due to information receive about the movement

Question 16

Who was the memory system by

Answer 16

Baddley and hitch

Question 17

What is the supervisory system

Answer 17

The central executive

Question 18

What are the three slave systems

Answer 18

Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Episodic buffer

Question 19

Tell me about the central executive

Answer 19

It maintains overall control but has a very limited capacity

Question 20

Tell me about the phonological loop

Answer 20

This deals with auditory information and it is transferred to the long term memory by sounds. It will fade away if not rehersed

Question 21

Tell me about the visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 21

This holds visual and spatial information

Question 22

Tell me about the episodic buffer

Answer 22

Stores chucks of episodes and it allows different parts of the memory system to talk to each other. It initiates motor programmes. It also gathers perceptual information

Question 23

Tell me about the functions and characteristics of the working memory and long term memory

Answer 23

The working memory has a limited capacity if 7+/- items and can hold information for up to 30 seconds
If a skill is practised it can be transferred and stored in the long term memory
The long term memory has an unlimited capacity and unlimited duration time

Question 24

What are ways of ensuring effective storage

Answer 24

Chunking
Mental rehearsal
Reinforcement
Fun experiences
Practice
Association
Chaining
Meaningful

Question 25

Tell me about chunking

Answer 25

Small groups of information that are put together and memorised as one

Question 26

Tell me about mental rehearsal

Answer 26

Visualising the skill and going over it in your head enables learners to remember what is needed to perform the skill more easily

Question 27

Tell me about reinforcement

Answer 27

If learners receive positive feedback they are more likely to remember the information

Question 28

Tell me about fun experiences

Answer 28

If the learner has a positive experience that is present in a distinct way, they are more likely to remember the information

Question 29

Tell me about practice

Answer 29

It will help the performer overlearn a skill so the motor programmes stored in the long term memory

Question 30

Tell me about association

Answer 30

This is when you relate information to the information that is already stored

Question 31

Tell me about chaining

Answer 31

Should be presented in an organised manner

Question 32

Tell me about meaningful

Answer 32

Information is more likely to be remembered if the learner understands its relevance to the performance and them

Question 33

Define reaction time

Answer 33

This is the time from the onset stimulus to the onset of the response

Question 34

What are the two types of reaction types

Answer 34

Simples and choice

Question 35

Tell me about simple reaction time

Answer 35

Where there is one stimulus and one response

Question 36

Tell me about choice reaction time

Answer 36

Where there is several stimuli and several responses

Question 37

Tell me the definition for movement time

Answer 37

This is the time from the onset movement to completion of the task

Question 38

Tell me about response time

Answer 38

This is the reaction time plus the movement time. The time taken from the onset stimulus to the completion of the task

Question 39

What is Hicks law

Answer 39

The impact of choice reaction time on performance. It states that the number of choices increases so does the reaction time

Question 40

What are the strategies to improve the response time of a performer and elaborate

Answer 40

Practice - the more you respond to a stimulus the faster your reaction time becomes Selective attention - if you improve this you will concentrate on only the relevant information so your reaction time becomes quicker Mental rehearsal - going over the movement in your head Experience Improve fitness levels Warm up - if the body and mind are warmed up you are prepared and will respond quicker Try anticipation- predicting the next movement before it happens

Question 41

What are the two types of anticipation

Answer 41

Temporal and spatial

Question 42

Explain temporal anticipation

Answer 42

This is predicting when the action will be performed

Question 43

Explain spatial anticipation

Answer 43

This is predicting what action will be performed and where

Question 44

Explain the single channel hypothesis

Answer 44

This says we can only process one piece of information at a time any further stimuli must wait, the more stimuli presented the slower the reaction time is

Question 45

Explain the psychological refractory period

Answer 45

This is when a delay in processing occurs because of stimuli arriving quickly after each other, we may physically freeze if this happens the delay in processing causes our reaction time to increase

Question 46

Tell me about Schmidts schéma theory

Answer 46

A schema is a generalised motor programme that allows the performer to adapt their skills and transfer sporting experiences

Question 47

What are the four schema

Answer 47

Initial condition Response specifications Sensory consequences Response outcomes

Question 48

Explain initial conditions

Answer 48

Gathering info about if you have been in this situation before

Question 49

Explain response specifications

Answer 49

Deciding what movement to perform

Question 50

Explain Sensory consequences

Answer 50

Involves gathering information on the movement using intrinsic feedback

Question 51

Explain Response outcomes

Answer 51

This involves gathering information concerning the rest of the movement was it successfully

Question 52

How can you develop schemas

Answer 52

Ensure that practise is variable to build up a range of experiences Ensure practise skills are transferable from training to game situations Give feedback continuously to help improve skills Give praise and reinforcement Practise a range of skills until they are well learned