Principles And Theories Of Learning And Performance

Question 1

What are the three stages of learning

Answer 1

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

Question 2

Describe the cognitive stage

Answer 2

An accurate demonstration is needed so that the performer can copy them
Many mistakes are made
Motor programmes are not yet formed
The performer uses trial and error to work out the correct method

Question 3

What feedback is needed in the cognitive stage

Answer 3

They are reliant on extrinsic feedback from the coach who will highlight weaknesses
The feedback should be positive
Knowledge of results

Question 4

Describe the associative stage

Answer 4

The performer must continue to practice
Fewer mistakes are made
Movement is more smooth
Motor programmes are developing

Question 5

What type of feedback should be used with a performer in the associative stage

Answer 5

Develop a Kinaesthesis and use intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback is still used to refine actions
The performer begins to use knowledge of performance

Question 6

Describe the autonomous stage

Answer 6

Movements are fluent
Motor programmes are fully formed
Performer can concentrate on fine details

Question 7

What feedback should be used with an autonomous performer

Answer 7

Intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback can be negative
Knowledge of performance to understand why the action was successful

Question 8

What is a learning plateau

Answer 8

A period of time where the performer doesn’t make any improvements and doesn’t seem to be getting any better at a task

Question 9

What graph illustrates a learning plateau

Answer 9

A learning curve

Question 10

Explain stage one of a learning plateau

Answer 10

In the cognitive stage of learning
Success rates will be low
Slow and jerky when performing

Question 11

Explain stage 2 of the learning plateau

Answer 11

There is a sharp increase in performance due to practising and a ris in success rates, they will then enter the associative stage of learning

Question 12

Explain stage 3 of the learning plateau

Answer 12

The performer reaches the plateau, No further improvements are shown

Question 13

Explain stage 4 of the learning plateau

Answer 13

There is a lack of motivation and they may experience a drive reduction, to remotivate they will need a new task to focus on

Question 14

What are the causes of a plateau

Answer 14

Loss of motivation
Mental/physical fatigue
Limited ability
Poor coaching
Incorrect goal setting

Question 15

If the cause of the plateau is loss of motivation what is the solution

Answer 15

Set new tasks
Use variable practice
Offer tangible rewards

Question 16

If the cause of the plateau is mental/physical fatigue what is the solution

Answer 16

Allow the performer to rest
Used distributed practice

Question 17

If the cause of the plateau is limited ability reached what is the solution

Answer 17

Let the performer play people a similar ability

Question 18

If the cause of the plateau is poor coaching what is the solution

Answer 18

Try a variety of coaching methods
Try an alternative coach

Question 19

If the cause of the plateau is incorrect goal setting what is the solution

Answer 19

Try setting SMARTER goals

Question 20

Who was the cognitive theory - insight learning by

Answer 20

Gestalt

Question 21

In insight learning how does it say we learn

Answer 21

It says we learn through experiencing the whole task rather than breaking the skills up into isolated subroutines, they believe that part learning is not effective

Question 22

What do the cognitive theories say that the performer must do

Answer 22

They say the performer must think about the situation at hand and use their prior knowledge to help them adapt it allows performers to be creative and develop their own strategies. It creates independent thinking as there intrinsic motivation will improve

Question 23

Who was the behaviourist approach by

Answer 23

Skinner

Question 24

How did skinner say that we learnt

Answer 24

We learn through making and strengthening associations between a stimulus and a response

Question 25

Linking to operant conditioning when learning skills, what should a coach do

Answer 25

A coach should allow the performer to use trial and error Manipulate the environment to ensure the desired response occurs Offer a satisfier when the correct réponse is shown Offer an annoyer so the response won’t be repeated e.g run laps of the court

Question 26

What are reinforcers and punishment do

Answer 26

They shape behaviour and forms s-r bonds

Question 27

Who came up with the social learning theory

Answer 27

Bandera

Question 28

How did bandura say we learn

Answer 28

He said we learn through watching and replicating others These models are known as significant others

Question 29

Who are we more likely to copy according to bandura

Answer 29

Significant others Models that have same characteristics eg age and gender Actions that are successful And actions that are reinforced

Question 30

Bandura came up with a key process of how we learn what are the 4 processes included in it

Answer 30

Attention Rétention Motor reproduction Motivation

Question 31

Explain how attention from bandura would be linked to what a coach can do

Answer 31

Coach ensure the player is focused in the model Coach could highlight key points Model should be attractive Model should be accurate

Question 32

Explain how retention from bandura would be linked to what a coach can do

Answer 32

Coach ensure the player remembers the demonstration The demonstration should be repeated A clear mental image should be produced

Question 33

Explain how motor reproduction from bandura would be linked to what a coach can do

Answer 33

Performer must be mentally and physically able to copy the model demonstration

Question 34

Explain how motivation from bandura would be linked to what a coach can do

Answer 34

Performer must be determined to copy and learn the skill Coach could do this by praise or rewards

Question 35

Who came up with the social development theory - constructivism

Answer 35

vygotsky

Question 36

What did vygotsky says about learning

Answer 36

He said that it is a social process and social interaction plays a key part in an individual’s development

Question 37

What are the three main aspects of vygotskys theory

Answer 37

Role of social interaction More knowledgable others Zone of proximal development

Question 38

Explain the first aspect of the constructivism theory

Answer 38

Role of social interaction says that social learning comes before development. Initially we learn from other people of a a social level this is called inter psychological learning

Question 39

What is inter psychological learning

Answer 39

When we learn from other people

Question 40

What is intra psychological learning

Answer 40

The individual thinks about how to do the skill on there own based off of what other people have taught them

Question 41

Explain the second aspect of the constructivism theory

Answer 41

More knowledgeable others is a person or a coach who has a greater understanding of the task at hand than you do They give you technical advice on how to improve

Question 42

Explain the third aspect of the constructivism theory

Answer 42

Zone of proximal development This describes what the person has to do next to learn a skill there are three stages to this

Question 43

What are the three stages in the zone of promixmal development

Answer 43

Achieve independently without assistance Achieve with help of the more knowledgable others Not do it at this moment in time