infrared agents

Question 1

Where does infrared lay on the light spectrum?

Answer 1

in between visible light and microwave diathermy

Question 2

Do infrared agents penetrate a lot?

Answer 2

No, wavelength is too short

Question 3

What is the heat range wavelength?

Answer 3

1-2 mm

Question 4

What is the cold range wavelength?

Answer 4

1 cm

Question 5

When are infrared agents the most effective?

Answer 5

when their energy is absorbed and used to provide analgesia as an adjunct to therapuetic exercise

Question 6

How does cold work?

Answer 6

the body’s deeper layers lose heat to the more superficial tissues causing cooling effects in deeper tissues

Question 7

How deep can cooling be measured?

Answer 7

3 cm

Question 8

What are the responses to cold?

Answer 8

decreased temp, metabolism, pain, muscle spasm, elasticity, local neural activity
increased tissue stiffness, vasoconstriction

Question 9

What breaks temperature zones?

Answer 9

agitation

Question 10

Do tissues cool right away?

Answer 10

No, they gradually start after several minutes and plateau after a subtle change

Question 11

Can the body dissipate cooling effects?

Answer 11

yes, with circulation

Question 12

What is a good insulator?

Answer 12

fat

Question 13

What is latent fusion of heat?

Answer 13

the amount of energy needed to convert a solid to a liquid without changing temp

Question 14

What is the cold treatment time for a small area?

Answer 14

10-15 minutes

Question 15

What is the cold treatment time for a small joint/muscle?

Answer 15

15-20 minutes

Question 16

What is the cold treatment time for a large joints/muscles?

Answer 16

20-30 minutes

Question 17

What does activity do to rewarming time?

Answer 17

decrease it

Question 18

What sensations are felt during cold?

Answer 18

cold
deep aching pain
pain plateaus or decreases
pins and needles
numbness
bouts of pain at intervals

Question 19

How does cold decrease hemorrhaging?

Answer 19

causes vascular spasm (constriction)
causes adhesiveness in endothelial cells in blood vessel
increase viscosity of blood making it flow slower

Question 20

How does compression effect cold?

Answer 20

it helps decrease temperature by decreasing circulation and increasing interface

Question 21

How does cold decrease edema?

Answer 21

decreases tissues debris which decreases ancotic pressure and vessel wall permeability

Question 22

How does cold help against secondary hypoxic injury?

Answer 22

cold=decreased metabolism=less need for oxygen=less hypoxic damage

Question 23

Is cold good for wound healing?

Answer 23

no, it decreases circulation and metabolism

Question 24

is cold good for infection?

Answer 24

yes it limits spread and slows growth

Question 25

How does cold create analgesia?

Answer 25

cold numbess occurs when superficial nerves are cooled causing decreased conduction velocity and an increase in transmission time. Nerve membrane current is decreased which increases refractory period.

Question 26

What are contraindications for cold?

Answer 26

``` impaired circulation PVD CAD cold allergy hypertension skin anesthesia open wounds Raynaud's disorder over a regenerating peripheral nerve cryoglobulinemia ```

Question 27

What is pallor?

Answer 27

lack of color that occurs with numbness from frostbite indicating vasoconstriction has prevented blood flow to tissues

Question 28

What are the temperatures used for a cold whirlpool?

Answer 28

extremity: 50-60 degrees | whole body: 65-80 degrees

Question 29

How long should you do a cold whirlpool?

Answer 29

15-20 minutes