Inheritance variation evolution

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

one parent
no fusion of gametes
don’t mix genetic material
offspring genetically identical clones to parent

Question 2

what organism do asexual reproduction

Answer 2

plants
bacteria
fungi produce spores

Question 3

what is mitosis

Answer 3

cell division
produce 2 daughter cells
genetically identical parent

Question 4

mitosis thing

Answer 4

cell growth= increase structures
chromosomes/ gm copied
chromosomes separated
pull opposite poles
now cell has divided
2 genetically identical daughters x

Question 5

3 uses of mitosis

Answer 5

1. growth
2. repair damaged tissue
3. replace

Question 6

sexual reproduction def

Answer 6

2 parents
gametes nuclei fuse - zygote
= fertilised egg cell - embryo
genetic variation (diff to parents)

Question 7

what’s a gamete

Answer 7

sperm/egg sex cell
half number of chromosomes

Question 8

stages of meiosis

Answer 8

copy genetic info
cell divides twice
four gametes (half chromosomes)
all gametes = genetically different

Question 9

what’s fertilisation

Answer 9

gametes nuclei fuse = sperm +egg
23 chromosomes haploid -
46 diploid (23 pairs)
zygote- embryo

Question 10

what’s dna

Answer 10

genetic material in nucleus

Question 11

what does dna look like

Answer 11

polymer large complex molecule
2 strands
double helix
carries genetic code
determines characteristics

Question 12

chromosome definition

Answer 12

long threads of DNA

Question 13

gene

Answer 13

small section of DNA on a chromosome
codes for amino acids
codes for specific proteins

Question 14

what’s a genome

Answer 14

all genetic material of an organism

Question 15

what can genomes tell us

Answer 15

diseases linked to genes
inherited disorders
trace migration patterns

Question 16

what’s pedigree analysis

Answer 16

family tree shows un/affected, test DNA , blood test

Question 17

what’s genetic variation

Answer 17

children look diff
gametes= varied
fertilision

Question 18

environment variation

Answer 18

climate
diet
lifestyle
culture
accidents

Question 19

genetic mutation

Answer 19

change gene/ chromosome, spontaneous
polydactyly

Question 20

natural selection

Answer 20

organisms better adapted to environment survive + more offspring -> genes passed on

Question 21

selective breeding

Answer 21

artificial process, organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation

Question 22

selective breeding

Answer 22

1. choose important characteristics
2. choose parents w desired characteristics- breed
3. choose best offspring w “” -> produce next gen
4. repea over many gen -> all offspring show characteristics

Question 23

desired characteristics in plants

Answer 23

disease resistance
lots of grain
large/unusual flowers

Question 24

desired characteristics in animals to
have

Answer 24

produce milk/meat , large eggs

Question 25

benefits/risks of selective breeding

Answer 25

+ economic more/better food +animals that don’t cause harm -reduced genetic variation -rare disease genes selected -problem physical problems that

Question 26

inbreeding

Answer 26

reduces gene pool - lose variation prone to inherited defects / diseases

Question 27

what’s genetic engineering

Answer 27

modifying genome by introducing a gene from another organism over time desired characteristic

Question 28

how to do genetic modification

Answer 28

1. select desired characteristic 2. cut out gene from chromosome 3. transfer+insert into other organism 4. replicate modified organism

Question 29

examples of gm

Answer 29

insect / herbicide resistant- increased yield

Question 30

stages genetic modification

Answer 30

1. enzyme isolate req gene 2. insert into vector 3. insert gene into cells during early development 4. during early development - develop w desired characteristic

Question 31

natural selection

Answer 31

individuals in a species = range of genetic variation individuals with characteristics suited to env more likely to survive + reproduce offspring pass genes on overtime species evolve 2 populations of 1 species have diff phenotype can’t interbreed to form fertile offspring

Question 32

fossil

Answer 32

preserved remains of dead organism, in rocks , formed from bones+ shells (hard so don’t decay) preserved dead animals/plants footprints, burrows

Question 33

fossil record

Answer 33

shows oldest are simplest organisms proves CDs theory shows evidence early life gaps= early soft body few traces

Question 34

evolutionary tree

Answer 34

rships between organism shows specification

Question 35

speciation def

Answer 35

two population of one species phenotype become so diff can’t interbreed to form new one

Question 36

evolution amber

Answer 36

substance formed form hardened tree sap see whole organism

Question 37

peat bogs

Answer 37

acidic , oxygen free - preserves organs

Question 38

antibiotic resistance

Answer 38

bacteria evolve quickly fast reproduction mutation produce new strain resistant to an antibiotic

Question 39

stages of antibiotic resistance development

Answer 39

1.random mutation in individual bacteria cell 2. some can protect from antibiotic affects 3. bac without mutation die/can’t reproduce 4. resistant bac reproduce , less competition

Question 40

how to reduce resistant bac strains

Answer 40

patient need to complete full course so kill all bacteria- can’t mutate only for serious bacterial inf agriculture use restricted

Question 41

what was the first antibiotic produced

Answer 41

pencilin alexander fleming

Question 42

extinction

Answer 42

All remaining individuals of a species are dead