Innate Immune System 2

Question 1

How long has the innate immune system been around?

Answer 1

~500 million years

Question 2

What are the professional phagocytes?

Answer 2

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 3

Complement proteins, professional phagocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells make up what?

Answer 3

The innate immune system

Question 4

What part of the Innate Immune system is also associated with the adaptive immune system?

Answer 4

Dendritic Cells

Question 5

What is known as the “poor man’s antibodies?”

Answer 5

Complement system

Question 6

The complement system acts as chemical signals to attract what?

Answer 6

phagocytes

Question 7

What kind of complexes “poke holes in bad guys?”

Answer 7

membrane attack complexes (MACs)

Question 8

For the roughly twenty proteins associated with the complement system, what is the primary source that makes the proteins?

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

T/F: Proteins are highly concentrated in blood and tissues.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What are the three pathways of the complement system that require activation?

Answer 10

Alternative, Lectin, and Classical Pathways

Question 11

During which pathway of the complement system are complement proteins “spontaneously” activating and attaching to surfaces.

Answer 11

Alternate Pathway

Question 12

T/F: antibodies are needed for the alternate pathway of the complement system

Answer 12

False; they are not needed.

Question 13

What are the two parts that C3 will spontaneously split into as part of the alternate pathway?

Answer 13

C3a and C3b

Question 14

T/F: C3a will either be neutralized by water within 60 microseconds or bind to a pathogen’s surface.

Answer 14

False; these are the possibilities for C3b

Question 15

What will C3b bind to in the alternative pathway?

Answer 15

amino or hydroxyl groups

Question 16

What is the most abundant complement protein in the Alternative Pathway?

Answer 16

C3

Question 17

T/F: C3bBb causes other C3 complement proteins to split, and the result is more C3bBb complement proteins coating the invader.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

How does C3bBb interact with and activate C5?

Answer 18

by cutting it in half

Question 19

New C5b combining with other complement proteins (C6, C7, C8, and C9) will result in what?

Answer 19

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Question 20

What do chemoattractants (C3a and C5a) attract?

Answer 20

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 21

What do chemoattractants (C3a and C3b) activate?

Answer 21

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 22

What are the three protection proteins?

Answer 22

MCP, DAF, and Protectin

Question 23

What does MCP stand for?

Answer 23

membrane cofactor protein

Question 24

What does MCP do to C3b?

Answer 24

turns C3b into an inactive form

Question 25

What does DAF stand for?

Answer 25

decay accelerating factor

Question 26

What does DAF do to convertase (C3bBb)?

Answer 26

accelerates the destruction of convertase

Question 27

CD59, a cell surface protein is also known as what?

Answer 27

Protectin

Question 28

How does Protectin protect cells?

Answer 28

removes MACs before they drill holes.

Question 29

What is the default option of the alternate pathway?

Answer 29

Death: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for destruction.

Question 30

What does MBL stand for?

Answer 30

Mannose-binding lectin protein

Question 31

What pathway is MBL associated with?

Answer 31

Lectin Activation Pathway

Question 32

Where is MBL primarily produced?

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

T/F: MBL is present in very high amounts in blood and tissues.

Answer 33

False; MBL is present in moderate amounts in blood and tissues

Question 34

What activates the Complement System by binding MASP which clips C3 to make C3b?

Answer 34

MBL

Question 35

What does MASP stand for?

Answer 35

MBL associated serine protein

Question 36

Lectin is a protein that attaches to what kind of molecule?

Answer 36

carbohydrate

Question 37

T/F: Mannose is a monosaccharide found on the surface of only parasites.

Answer 37

False; Mannose is found on many pathogens.

Question 38

What are the two most important professional phagocytes?

Answer 38

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 39

T/F: Macrophages roam around in blood.

Answer 39

False; macrophages roam around in tissue while neutrophils roam around in blood.

Question 40

What are the three stages of readiness for macrophages?

Answer 40

Resting, Activated or Primed, and Hyperactive

Question 41

Which stage of readiness will you find macrophages slowly proliferating and casually eating/snacking?

Answer 41

Resting stage of readiness

Question 42

What kind of cells do monocytes give rise to?

Answer 42

dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 43

After monocytes circulate in blood, exit blood, and differentiate in tissues, what kind of cells will they give rise to?

Answer 43

macrophages

Question 44

During which stage of readiness will macrophages express very few Class II MHCs?

Answer 44

Resting stage of readiness

Question 45

When will resting macrophages convert to primed macrophages?

Answer 45

after receiving a signal that there are bad guys in the area

Question 46

T/F: Primed Macrophages express even less Class II MHCs than resting macrophages.

Answer 46

False; many more Class I MHCs are expressed

Question 47

T/F: Interferon gamma can prime a macrophage.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

T/F: primed macrophages can produce several complement proteins.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

T/F: resting macrophages work more with helper T cells than do Primed macrophages.

Answer 49

False; vice versa

Question 50

T/F: Resting macrophages function much more as an antigen presenting cell than do Primed macrophages.

Answer 50

False; vice versa

Question 51

What converts a primed macrophage to a hyperactive macrophage?

Answer 51

a direct signal from a bad guy

Question 52

LPS or Mannose from a bacterial cell wall will do what to a primed macrophage?

Answer 52

convert it to a hyperactive macrophage

Question 53

At what stage of readiness will macrophages emit cytokines (TNF) and stop proliferating?

Answer 53

Hyperactive

Question 54

At what stage of readiness will macrophages focus all of their attention on killing and grow large enough to eat whole cells?

Answer 54

Hyperactive

Question 55

T/F: Hyperactive Macrophages have a decreased number of lysosomes.

Answer 55

False; they have a increased number

Question 56

T/F: Hyperactive macrophages have an increased production of ROS (reactive oxygen species).

Answer 56

True

Question 57

What can hyperactive macrophages do to multicellular parasites?

Answer 57

dump their toxic contents onto them.

Question 58

When is a macrophage considered a garbage collector?

Answer 58

while resting

Question 59

When is a macrophage considered a vicious killer?

Answer 59

while hyperactivated

Question 60

When is a macrophage considered an antigen presenting cell and killer?

Answer 60

While activated

Question 61

T/F: there are about 20 bilion neutrophils in the blood.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

T/F: Neutrophils present antigens.

Answer 62

False; they do NOT present antigens

Question 63

Are Neutrophils long lived or short lived?

Answer 63

Short lived (5 days)

Question 64

After exiting the blood, how long will it take neutrophils to become activated?

Answer 64

about 30 minutes

Question 65

T/F: neutrophils are active while traveling through the blood.

Answer 65

False; neutrophils activate after they slow down and exit the blood

Question 66

SEL, SLIG, ICAM, and INT are all what kind of molecules?

Answer 66

Adhesion molecules

Question 67

What does SEL stand for?

Answer 67

selectin

Question 68

Where is SEL expressed after receiving alarm signals?

Answer 68

endothelial cells

Question 69

T/F: SEL binds to SLIG

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Where is SLIG expressed?

Answer 70

on the surface of neutrophils

Question 71

What does SLIG stand for?

Answer 71

Selectin ligand

Question 72

What does ICAM stand for?

Answer 72

intercellular adhesion molecule

Question 73

Where is ICAM expressed?

Answer 73

on the lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells

Question 74

What does INT stand for?

Answer 74

Integrin

Question 75

INT is pre-made and rapidly transported where after being signaled?

Answer 75

the surface of the neutrophil

Question 76

T/F: INT strongly binds to ICAM.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

What signal molecules are expressed by macrophages when they are primed or hyperactive that let the neutrophil know a bad guy is present leading to the neutrophil exiting the blood?

Answer 77

IL-1 and TNF

Question 78

What stimulates capillary endothelial cells to express SEL?

Answer 78

IL-1 and TNF

Question 79

How long does it take capillary endothelial cells to express SEL?

Answer 79

about 6 hours

Question 80

T/F: Neutrophils can slow down enough to sense inflammation.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

What transports INT to its surface?

Answer 81

Neutrophil

Question 82

What happens to INT after it binds to ICAM?

Answer 82

It stops.

Question 83

What do C5a and bacterial fragments attract in tissue?

Answer 83

Neutrophils

Question 84

What special initiator amino acid do all bacterial proteins begin with? Hint: as they ingest bacteria, macrophages burp up these peptides.

Answer 84

formyl methionine (f-met)

Question 85

Giving off cytokines and forcing cells to commit suicide are the two roles of what cells?

Answer 85

Natural Killer Cells

Question 86

Where are most NK cells found?

Answer 86

blood, liver and spleen

Question 87

What is the exit strategy of NK cells for leaving the blood?

Answer 87

Roll, stop, exit strategy

Question 88

T/F: NK cells are short-lived (one week).

Answer 88

True

Question 89

T/F: NK cells proliferate slowly.

Answer 89

False, they proliferate rapidly.

Question 90

Perforin pokes a hole in the membrane like the complement system. Then what?

Answer 90

Injects enzymes that cause the cell to die (apoptosis)

Question 91

What does the Fas ligand on NK cells bind to on the invader?

Answer 91

Fas protein

Question 92

What transmembrane protein in the TNF family triggers suicide (apoptosis)?

Answer 92

Fas ligand

Question 93

What is "cleaner," apoptosis or necrosis?

Answer 93

apoptosis

Question 94

What is the "don't kill" signal present on cell surfaces?

Answer 94

MHC I receptors

Question 95

What kind of receptors are kill signals?

Answer 95

Activating receptors

Question 96

What kind of receptors bind the Fc region of IgG?

Answer 96

IgG3 receptors

Question 97

T/F: Natural killer cells do not have T cell receptors.

Answer 97

True.

Question 98

What causes the NK cell to kill target (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)?

Answer 98

IgG3 receptors

Question 99

T/F: Resting NK cells make more cytokines and are more effective killers than Activated NK cells.

Answer 99

False; vice versa

Question 100

What growth factor causes NK cells to proliferate when expressing IL-2 receptors?

Answer 100

IL-2

Question 101

What do the following have in common: a lack of MHCs, LPS, Interferon alpha, Interferon beta, TNF, and IL-12?

Answer 101

they are all signals that activate NK cells

Question 102

When are interferons usually given off by cells?

Answer 102

When under viral attack