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Foundations Test 4 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Skin barriers

A

Longitudinal air flow
Fatty acids
Beta-defensins

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2
Q

Gut barriers

A

Longitduainl air flow
Low pH
Pepsin
Alpha-defensins

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3
Q

Lung barriers

A 
Movement of cilia 
Pulmonary surfactant (chemical)
Alpha-defensins
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4
Q

Eyes/nose/oral cavity barriers

A

Tears/nasal cilia (mechan)
Lysozyme in tears
Beta-defensins

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5
Q

What do all surfaces share as a barrier?

A

Epithelial tight junction and normal microbia

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6
Q

How does lysozyme break down bacteria?

A

Can eat through peptidoglycan and exposes cell membrane …particularly effective for gram-positive

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7
Q

How do defensins work?

A

Electrostatically (positive charge) attracted to the membrane and brought into the lipid bilayer to form a pore

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8
Q

Defensins produced by

A

Epithelial cells and macrophages

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9
Q

TLRs on plasma membrane (subunits and what they recognize)

A

Diacyl lipopeptides (TLR2/TLR6)
Triacyl lipopeptides (TLR2/TLR1)
Flagellin (TLR-5)
LPS (TLR4)

Lipopeptides mostly be gram-positive bacteria
LPS mostly from gram-negative bacteria

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10
Q

Endosomal TLRs and what they recognize

A

dsRNA (TLR3)
ssRNA (TLR7)
ssRNA (TLR8)
CpG DNA (TLR9)

All viral except CpG which can also recognize bacteria

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11
Q

Plasma membrane TLR pathway

A

Dimers form when PAMP encountered…MyD88 binds to receptor…IRAK4 recruited (kinase that phosphorylates stuff)…NFkB activated (regulatory unit removed and complex made of p65 and p50 now free)…goes to nucleus and transcirbe cytokine genes

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12
Q

Which doesn’t use MyD88

A

TLR 3

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13
Q

TLR 3 pathway

A

Eventually uses IRF3 that induces type 1 interferon genes

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14
Q

All of TLR endosomal pathway except TLR 3

A

Uses MyD88…Activates IRF7 and goes induces type 1 interferon genes

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15
Q

NOD proteins

A

Activated when it binds to intracellular bactera…NFkB moves to nucleus and increases cytokine production

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16
Q

NLRP proteins

A

Type of NOD protein

Activated by toxins that cause efflux of potassium ions

Form inflammasome…activates caspase 1…that activates IL-1B and IL-18…these are acute phase proteins that involved in sepsis and activation of immunity

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17
Q

RIG-like receptors

A

Recognize uncapped RNA with 5’-triphosphate group…recognized by RIG or MDA-5…produce IRF-3 and NFkB activation (type 1 interferon and cytokines)

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18
Q

STING receptor

A

In ER

Recpgnizes c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP from bacteria…dowstream effect is IRF3 (type 1 interferon)

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19
Q

TNF source and target

A

Macrophages and T cells

Endothelial cells, neutrophils, hypothal (fever), fat (cachexia) and many cell types (apoptosis)

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20
Q

IL1 source and target

A

Macro, endo, some epithel

Endothel, hypothal, liver, T cells (TH17 differentiation)

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21
Q

IL1 activated by

A

Inflammasome

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22
Q

IL 6 source and target

A

Macro, endo, T cells

Liver, B cells, T cells (TH17 differenatiation)

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23
Q

IL 12 source and target

A 
Macro, dendritic 
T cells (TH1 differentiation), NK cells and T cells (interferon gamma synthesis, increased CD8 activity)
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24
Q

Type 1 interferons source and target

A

IFN alpha and beta
source - alpha - macro, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
beta - fibroblasts

Act on - all cells (increase MHC class 1 expression for viruses ), activate NK cells

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25
Chemokine type receptor and example
IL-8 G-protein domain
26
SCID mutation
X-linked mutation in gamma hematopoietin receptor
27
Cytokine receptors
2 chains using JAK-STAT pathway...STAT moves to nucleus to initiate gene trascription
28
Macrophage receptors
Mannose - bacteria Dectin-1 - for fungal B-glucans Fc receptors - antibodies
29
Phagosome binds
Lysosome or neutrophils
30
Macrophage and neutrophil similarities
Low pH NO ROS Lysozyme
31
Macro and neutro differences
Macro - cathelicidins Neutro - defensins and cathelicidins Neutrophil have lactoferrin inhibitor and B12 binding protein
32
Neutrophil process of engulfment and digestion
fMLF receptor activates Rac2...eventually NADPH oxidase gets ROS in phagolysosome...influx of ions and breakdown bacteria
33
Dying neutrophils form
Extracellular traps that trap bacteria and prevent them from moving
34
Cytokine effect in blood vessels
Causes dilation and upregulation of adhesion molecules...blood clotting takes place and prevents movement of infection
35
Monocyte binds to
Integrin on the vascular endothelium and pulled in to become macrophage
36
Sepsis summary
TNF-alpha secreted into the bloodstream and there is systemic edema...leads ot decreased blood volume and collapse of blood vessels
37
IL-1B/IL-6 and TNF-alpha act on
Liver, bone marrow, hypothal, fat/muscle, dendritic cells
38
IL-6 effect on liver
Acute phase proteins including CRP and MBL CRP opsonizes MBL activates complement cascade
39
IFN-alpha and Beta
Interferons Increase MHC class 1 expression Activate dendritic cells and macophages Activate NK cells to kill viral cells Induce chemokines to recruit lymphocytes
40
NK cells induced by what and produce what
Induced by IL12 | Produce interferon gamma, perforin, granzyme
41
Time of onset after viral infection
Quickly - interferons, TNF alpha and IL12 Later - NK mediated killing (3 days) Latest - T cell killing (7 days)
42
MHC class 1 mechanism
MHC 1 receptor is on all cells and inhibitory for NK cell...when infected, will not express...NK cell will come and kill by 1 of 2 methods Granzyme and perforin NK cell TRAIL binds to DR4 and DR5 and activates caspase 8 for apoptosis
43
Chediak-Higashi dz
Recurrent infections and pigmentation defects...bleeding Lymphocyte proliferation...fever, liver nad spleen enlargement, reduced WBC, platelets and RBC (pancytpenia) Caused by defect in intracell vesicle causes failure of phagosome to fuse with lysosome...inability of vesicle for melanocyte and nervous system cell function as well
44
Chronic granulomatous dz
Frequent infections during 1st year of like (aspergillus, staph, klebsiella, E coli)...pneumonia, lymph node infection, absecesses Mutation in NADPH oxidase complex
45
LAD
Recurrent infection and gingivitis Neutrophils and monocytes trappen in blood stream Deficiency of CD18...common B chain of LFA-1(CR3), Mac1, and gp150,95 (CR4)
46
Neutropenia
Recurrent and severe bacterial infection | Brought on by immunosuppression
47
IRAK4 def
Recurrent pyogenic bacteria Intermediate in TLR and IL1R signaling
48
Nucleic acid PAMPs
ssRNA - virus dsRNA - virus CpG - virus, bactera
49
Protein PAMPS
Pilin and flagellin - bacteria
50
Cell wall lipid PAMPS
LPS - gram - | Lipoteichoic - gram +
51
Carb PAMPS
Mannan - fungi and bacteria | Glucans - fungi
52
NOD protein pathway starts with
NLRP proteins
53
What activates STING pathway?
dsDNA from viruses or bacteria
54
IL-8 major function
Chemoattractant of neutrophils
55
Hematopoietin receptor subfamily with gammac chain and why its important
IL-2, 7, and 15 which are important for lympho development...x-lined SCID is caused by mutation in this
56
IL-1 local vs. systemic
Local - vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction Systemic - fever and production of IL-6
57
TNF-alpha local vs system
Local - vascular endothelium and permeability Systemic - fever, mobilize metabolites, shock
58
IL-6 local vs system
Local - lympho act and increased antibody production Systemic - fever and acute-phase proteins
59
Hoqw does neutrophil work?
Produce phagosome that fuse with granules and dump contents that kill organisms
60
Sepsis common in
Gram-negative bacteria
61
How does MBL start complement pathway?
Binds C1q
62
What do NK cells recognize?
When MHC class 1 is down-regulated, will kill
63
Neutrophil numbers high in
Chronic granulomatous dz
64
CD18 is common chain for
CR3 and CR4

Foundations Test 4 (12 decks)

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