Tissues and Organs of the Immune System

Question 1

What is big question to ask about pathogen?

Answer 1

How big is it? Intra or extra cellular

Question 2

First thing that happens

Answer 2

Inflammation

Question 3

Goal of immunity

Answer 3

maintain homeostasis

Question 4

2 steps of immunity

Answer 4

Recognition

Effector functions

Question 5

Hematopoietic stem cell becomes

Answer 5

COmmon myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

Question 6

Common lymphoid vs common myeloid

Answer 6

Lymph - adaptive

Myeloid - innate

Question 7

What allows ID of lymphocytes?

Answer 7

CD markers

Question 8

Small lymphocyte amounts

Answer 8

20-40%

Question 9

Types of small lymphocytes and their percentages of the lymphocytes

Answer 9

T lympho - helper (50%), cytotoxic (25%)

B lympho - 25%

Question 10

Plasma cells…where are they from, what do they do, where are they found

Answer 10

From B cells
Secretes antibodies (eliminate micro organisms)
Not often found in blood

Question 11

NK cell amount and what does it do?

Answer 11

Kills virus-infected/tumor cells
5% of lymphocytes in blood
Resident in tissue sites

Question 12

Monocyte location, shape, function, differentiation

Answer 12

Kidney nucleus with lots of cytoplasm
Weekly phagocytic and microbicidal
Differentiates to macrophage or dendritic cell upon leaving blood

Mostly found in blood

Question 13

Macrophage function and location

Answer 13

Tissue sites

Phagocytic, microbicidal, tissue repair, activate T cells

Question 14

Dendritic cell location and function

Answer 14

Activate T helper cells, phagocytic,

Mostly in tissue sites

Question 15

Neutrophil morphology, function

Answer 15

Phagocytic and microbicidal

Segmented nucleus

Question 16

Eosinophil morphology, function

Answer 16

Immune response to parasites and allergic immune responses

Red staind granules in cytoplasm

Question 17

Basophil morphology and function

Answer 17

Parasites and allergic responses
Contains histamine (vasodilation) and heparin (anti-coagulant)
Darkly stained nucleus

Question 18

Mast cells and function

Answer 18

Immune and allergic response

Close to blood vessels, skin, etc…similar to basophils

Question 19

Megakaryocyte

Answer 19

Platelet production

Question 20

Leukocyte amounts

Answer 20

Neutrophils - 40-75
Eosinophil - 1-6
Basophil - <1 
Monocyte - 2-10
Lymphocyte - 20-50

Question 21

If lymphocyte count high

Answer 21

Then probably viral infection

Question 22

Lymphatic circulatin

Answer 22

Vessels pick up fluid at venule end of capillary network and return to the heart…lymph nodes filter

Question 23

How to lymphocytes get to lymph node from heart?

Answer 23

Arteries

Question 24

How do lymphocytes get from lymph node to heart

Answer 24

Efferent venule to venous system (essentially thoracic duct)

Question 25

Diffuse tissues

Answer 25

Associated with mucosal epithelial surfaces

Question 26

Encapsulated types and what theydo

Answer 26

Primary lymphoid - site of immune cell production | Secondary lymphoid - site of immune cell function

Question 27

Myelopoiesis occurs in

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

Lymphoposiesis occurs in

Answer 28

B - bone marrow | T - thymus

Question 29

Both B and T cells originate during development in the

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

Clonal proliferation

Answer 30

Happens to B and T cells after exposure to an antigen...those that are specific to a given type proliferate

Question 31

Activation occurs in

Answer 31

Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 32

MALT

Answer 32

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue - found under any wet epithelium...must be passed through to get into the body

Question 33

Skin lined by

Answer 33

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 34

Skin cell adhesion

Answer 34

Tight junctions - must be broken to enter

Question 35

Commensal bacteria

Answer 35

Found on surface of skin

Question 36

Mechanical epithelial barriers

Answer 36

Tight junctions Logitudinal flow of air or fluid Movement of mucous by cilia

Question 37

Chemical epithelial barriers

Answer 37

Fatty acids Enzymes Low pH Antibacterial peptides (defensins, cryptidins)

Question 38

Microbiological epithelial barriersa

Answer 38

Commensal bacteria compete for nutrients and attachment and can produce antibacterial substances

Question 39

Organized MALT

Answer 39

Tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix

Question 40

Diffuse MALT

Answer 40

Lamina propria

Question 41

GALT will have

Answer 41

Epithelium with M cells and dendritic cells inside...follicle for B cells and germinal center

Question 42

M cell

Answer 42

Captures things on mucosal surfaces and presents into germinal centers

Question 43

Central tolerance induction

Answer 43

Occurs in the thymus...lymphocytes that posses self-reactivity are eliminated...moves from cortex to medulla

Question 44

Bone marrow is unique in that

Answer 44

It is a primary AND secondayr lymphoid organ

Question 45

How do cells exit marrow

Answer 45

Central sinus

Question 46

What is compartmentalized in the bone marrow

Answer 46

Hematopoeisis

Question 47

Bone marrow is important reservoir for

Answer 47

Neutrophils

Question 48

Neutrophil lifespan

Answer 48

Short (6-8 hours)

Question 49

How to neutrophils get to tissue

Answer 49

Leave bone marrow and pass through endothelium...eat material and degraded by macrophages

Question 50

Spleen is site of

Answer 50

Adaptive immune response to blood borne pathogens

Question 51

Red pulp

Answer 51

Rich in macrophages that filter blood of foreign materials and old RBCs

Question 52

White pulp

Answer 52

Multiple immune cell types present to initiate adaptive immune response

Question 53

PALS

Answer 53

Area surrounding central arterioles rich in T cells

Question 54

Lymphoid follicle

Answer 54

Outpocketing of lymphocytes from PALS rich in B cells

Question 55

Primary lymphoid follicles contain

Answer 55

Naive B cells

Question 56

Secondary lymphoid follicles contain

Answer 56

Outer mantle of naive B cells with germinal center of activated B cells

Question 57

Visceral lymph node types

Answer 57

Pre-vertebral/mesenteric

Question 58

Lymph node is site of

Answer 58

Adaptive immune response to tissue-borne antigens | Filtration units for affarent lymphatic vessels

Question 59

Normal lymph carries

Answer 59

Interstitial fluids/proteins to blood

Question 60

In infection, lymph carriers

Answer 60

Microorganisms and antigens from tissue site

Question 61

What always migrates from lymph nodes to tissue

Answer 61

Dendritic cells

Question 62

High endothelial venule (HEV)

Answer 62

How Naive lymphocytes enter the lymph node (B and T cells)

Question 63

How to lymphocytes exit lymph node?

Answer 63

Single efferent lymphatic

Question 64

Paracortical region

Answer 64

Contains follicles and T-cell rich regions

Question 65

Medulla

Answer 65

Rich in macrophages and plasma cells

Question 66

What enters via affarent lymphatic vessels?

Answer 66

DCs and antigens

Question 67

What enters via artery and vein

Answer 67

Naive lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Question 68

Lymph filtered by

Answer 68

Lymph nodes