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AUDE 5160 > inner ear > Flashcards

inner ear Flashcards

1
Q

two cavity systems of the inner ear

A

vestibular/equilibrium and cochlear/hearing

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2
Q

what are the 2 labryinths of the inner ear

A

osseous and membranous

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3
Q

location of the inner ear

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone, cochlear most medial and anterior

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4
Q

3 parts of the inner ear

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, and internal acoustic canal

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5
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

within the bony labyrinth

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6
Q

osseous (bony) labyrinth

A

embedded within the temporal bone, contains the membranous portion
-hard to get to

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7
Q

the cochlea is the most ________ and _______ portion of the inner ear

A

anterior and medial

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8
Q

sensory receptors of the hearing system

A

organ of corti

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9
Q

sensory receptors of the equilibrium system

A

utricle, saccule, and 3 ampullae

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10
Q

vestibule

A

space between hearing and balance centers
-between bony body portion and spiral

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11
Q

oval window

A

superior opening in the bony portion
-where stapes footplate connects to the scala vestibuli

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12
Q

round window

A

inferior opening in the bony portion
-pressure window
-connects scala tympani and middle ear

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13
Q

anterior/superior semicircular canal

A

closest to cochlea
-vertical information

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14
Q

horizontal/lateral semicircular canal

A

sits more lateral from midline

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15
Q

posterior semicircular canal

A

closest to foramen magnum
-vertical information

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16
Q

how do the semicircular canals pair

A

anterior/superior with posterior and horizontal/lateral with horizontal/lateral
-RALP and LARP

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17
Q

RALP

A

right anterior left posterior canals pari together

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18
Q

LARP

A

left anterior right posterior canals pair together

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19
Q

common crus

A

where anterior canal joins with the posterior canal
-runs together as one common area of the arch

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20
Q

ampulla

A

bulge at the end of the arches within the bone

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21
Q

cochlear duct

A

inside the cochlea
-within the entire spiral of the cochlear
-contains receptors all along

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22
Q

base vs. apex of cochlea

A

beginning vs. end

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23
Q

membrane appullae

A

bulge at the end of the canal
-contains sensory receptors
-anterior, lateral, and posterior

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24
Q

what information do membrane ampullae respond to

A

angular information

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25
Q

utricle

A

additional bulge
-more superior

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26
Q

saccule

A

additional bulge
-inferior to the utricle

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27
Q

modiolus

A

axis around which the cochlea is curving
-if you put a pin all the way down through which the curves are curving around

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28
Q

helicotrema

A

the end of the spiral where an opening occurs for the scala tympani and vestibuli communicate

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29
Q

3 cavities of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani

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30
Q

scala vestibuli

A

superior opening
-oval window pushes in

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31
Q

scala media

A

middle portion
-where movement occurs as a result of the vestibuli

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32
Q

scala tympani

A

below the media
-pressure is released here through round window

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33
Q

endolymph

A

within the scala media
-high in potassium, low in sodium
-large positive potential across hair cell membranes

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34
Q

perilymph

A

similar to CSF
-around scala vestibuli and tympani

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35
Q

ductus reuniens

A

connects the scala media to the saccule

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36
Q

endolymphatic duct and sac

A

within the aqueduct and the sac releases endolymph
-goes out to dura mater

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37
Q

vestibular aqueduct

A

bony canal that has a membrane within it
-contains the endolymphatic duct

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38
Q

perilymphatic duct

A

goes to subarachnoid duct
-allows for communication between perilymph and CSF

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39
Q

organ of corti

A

sits on a membrane that receives fluid movement

40
Q

reissner’s membrane

A

below the vestibuli and above the media

41
Q

basilar membrane

A

what receives the fluid movement and what helps transmits sound
-below media and above tympani

42
Q

tectorial membrane

A

roof on top of the inner hair cells so as the basilar membrane moves, the hair brush’s on this membrane
-near media

43
Q

inner hair cells

A

gets stimulated from the outer hair cells
-flask shaped, have a bulge in the middle

44
Q

outer hair cells

A

dancing” hair cells
-primes the system and pulls the membranes together
-test tube shaped, no bulge

45
Q

kinocilium

A

guiding body for the hair cell sterocilia to align during embryologic development
-after birth it becomes a nub

46
Q

what is the roof of the outer hair cells

A

reticular lamina

47
Q

ratio of outer to inner hair cells

A

3 outer to 1 inner

48
Q

what is the space between the outer and inner hair cells called

A

tunnel of corti

49
Q

stria vascularis

A

where endolymph is produced

50
Q

marginal zone or cells

A

what pumps out the endolymph
-within the stria vascularis

51
Q

rosenthal’s canal

A

spiral canal of the cochlea

52
Q

spiral ligament

A

moves when fluid moves
-helps hold basilar membrane in place
-closer to temporal bone edge

53
Q

spiral limbus

A

holds and lifts the tectorial membrane

54
Q

various support cells

A

deiter’s : sit under outer hair cells
claudius’s : support overall structure of the organ of corti
hensen’s : support overall structure of the organ of corti

55
Q

area of sensory epithelia

A

5 areas within one ear
-LSU on top PS

56
Q

LSU on top PS

A

lateral ampullary nerve, superior ampullary nerve, utrucular nerve, posterior ampullary nerve, saccular nerve

57
Q

how does sound get to the cochlea

A

signals captured by the EAC, converted to mechanical vibration in middle ear, then to hydraulic wave in the inner ear and converted to receptor potentials and action potentials in the cochlea by hair cells and CN 8

58
Q

basilar membrane mechanics

A

motion of stapes at the oval window creates waves within the fluid of the cochlea which causes the membrane to vibrate
-place of motion is thought to be directly related to perceived pitch
-gradual thickening from base to apex

59
Q

tonotopic organization

A

different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies due to variations in thickness and width
-finds best spot to vibrate within the span of the basilar membrane

60
Q

the apex is …

A

-wide and floppy
-good with low frequencies

61
Q

the base is ….

A

-narrow and stiff
-good with high frequencies

62
Q

what frequencies are more susceptible to damage

A

high frequencies
-since it is at the base, they get all the input all the time

63
Q

sensory transduction by the hair cells

A

inner hair cells : majority of afferent (sensory information so they will be senders)
outer hair cells : majority of efferent (motor or muscle so the main job is to “dance”)

64
Q

afferent vs. efferent

A

afferent : picking up sensory information from receptors and carrying up to the CNS
efferent : going to a motor unit

65
Q

endocochlear potential

A

positive voltage of 80 to 100 mV seen within the endolymphatic space of the cochlea
-dependent on metabolism and ion transport
-located in the stria vascularis

66
Q

where is the endocochlear potential the highest

A

basal turn

67
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter in the auditory/vestibular system

A

glutamate +

68
Q

divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

superior and inferior vestibulocochlear nerve

69
Q

scarpa’s ganglia

A

cell bodies for the vestibular fibers of CN 8

70
Q

spiral gangllia

A

cell bodies for the cochlear fibers of CN 8

71
Q

peripheral vs. central

A

peripheral : outside the bony cavity
central : inside CNS or bony cavity, protected

72
Q

depolarization

A

make something more positive
-excitatory process
-when HC are excited

73
Q

hyperpolarization

A

make something more negative
-inhibitory
-when HC are inhibited

74
Q

what supplies oxygen and blood to the cochlea

A

stria vascularis

75
Q

what is the bump on the stria vascularis

A

spiral prominence

76
Q

things in the auditory canal

A

CN 7 (up), CN 8 (down), superior vestib, inferior vestib, auditory artery and falciform crest

77
Q

what comes from the inferior vestibular nerve

A

posterior ampullar nerve and main saccular nerve

78
Q

most common cochlear damage

A

outer hair cell damage

79
Q

what type of hearing loss is associated with OHC damage

A

sensory HL

80
Q

is IHC or OHC damage more common

A

OHC is more commone
-IHC can happen, but less likely

81
Q

how does CN 8 encode intensity

A

rate of firing action poptential, how many fibers are firing, and which fibers are firing

82
Q

how does CN 8 encode frequency

A

tonotopic organization and phase locking

83
Q

what is the main function of the outer hair cells of the cochlea

A

to serve as the biological mechanical amplifiers of the auditory system by elongating and shortening

84
Q

in the cochlea, bending the sterocilia towards the tallest sterocilia ….

A

results in depolorization

85
Q

what type and degree of hearing loss could occur from outer hair cell loss without inner hair cell loss

A

sensory, mild hearing loss

86
Q

action of sensory receptors (steps)

A

external stimulus, accessory structures, sensory receptor cell, synapse, dendrite to soma to axon to terminal bouton, synapse

87
Q

properties of the action potential

A

-self propagating (node to node)
-uni-direcetional (does not go backwards)
-all or none

88
Q

specialized sensory neuron/receptor

A

specialized sensory neurons are the inner and outer hair cells in the cochlear
-mechanoreceptors

89
Q

definition of accessory structures

A

assist in the action of the sense organs but not actually enter directly into sensory transaction processes

90
Q

definition of sensory receptor cell

A

transduces the stimulus and transmits it to the afferent neurons

91
Q

receptor potential (how reacts to stimulus)

A

graded, meaning magnitudes depend on intensity of stimulus
-small stim will be small voltage charge
-large stim will be large voltage charge

92
Q

chemical mediator

A

receptor cells emits this which is transmitted across the synapse between the hair cell and the afferent neuron

93
Q

sound transmission

A

-strikes TM
-sound wave energy is transferred to middle ear bones
-vibrations are transmitted through oval window to a fluid wave within the cochlea
-fluid waves push on membrane
-sound waves are transmitted to tympanic duct and back into air through round window
-deformation of cochlear duct causes tectotial membrane to move and activate sterocilia
-hair cells turn mechanical energy of sound waves into a change in membrane potential

94
Q

how do the hair cells transmit sound

stimulation of receptor potential

A

endocochlear potential, shearing of sterocila, potassium (positive) is flowing inward, tells the lining of cell membrane to open other channels, selective calcium will flow in, calcium coming in triggers the dumping of NT (glutamate) out to the synaptic cleft, followed by a synapse

95
Q

how does the potassium flow

A

in a circular direction
-from endolymph, through cell, to cortilymph and back around

96
Q

neural firing in CN 8 and CANS

A

-cochlear receptors (inner hair cells) generate receptor potentials
-neurotransmitter cross the synaptic cleft to stimulate CN 8 afferent fibers
-when stimulated by sufficient NT
-the AP is generated in CN 8 fibers
-sodium (+) influx to depolarize
followed by potassium (+) outflux to repolarize (returning to negative inside) and even hyperpolarize
-action potentials are all-or-none electrical discharges

97
Q

what causes hair cell damage

A

normal aging processes, acoustic trauma, viral infections, autoimmune inner ear disease, ototoxicity, head trauma

AUDE 5160 (23 decks)

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