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AUDE 5160 > middle ear > Flashcards

middle ear Flashcards

1
Q

tympanic cavity

A

overview or the middle ear
-contains 3 ossicles
-bones and air

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2
Q

function of the middle ear

A

turns acoustic sound waves into mechanical vibrations

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3
Q

epitympanum

A

upper portion
-attic
-from top of TM and up

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4
Q

mesotympanum

A

middle part that contains the height of the TM

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5
Q

hypotympanum

A

lower part
-basement
-goes to eustachian tube

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6
Q

tympanic membrane

A

starting point of middle ear and the ending point of the outer ear
-walls off from ear canal air

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7
Q

mastoid antrum

A

the air space in petrous portion of temporal bone that communicates with mastoid cells

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8
Q

aditus ad antrum (inlet)

A

the opening into the mastoid antrum
-part of the epitympanum portion

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9
Q

mastoid air cells

A

a protective mechanisms appearing like bubbles within the mastoid bone
-pockets of air within the bone

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10
Q

mastoiditis

A

infection of the mastoid process
-middle ear infections that leads through the aditus ad antrum

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11
Q

roof of middle ear

A

“attic” made of temporal bone

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12
Q

floor of middle ear

A

bottom of the tympanic cavity

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13
Q

lateral wall of middle ear

A

membranous wall in the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

medial wall of the middle ear

A

labyrinthine wall, separates the cavity from the inner ear
-oval and round window

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15
Q

anterior wall of the middle ear

A

carotid wall
-separates cavity from carotid canal

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16
Q

posterior wall of the middle ear

A

mastoid wall
-connecting the cavity to the mastoid cells

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17
Q

tympanic membrane landmarks

A

pars flaccida, manubrium of malleus, umbo, cone of light, pars tensa, and tympanic annulus (ring around the membrane)

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18
Q

left vs. right ear with view of tympanic membrane

A

left : cone of light on left side, manubrium facing left
right : cone of light on right side, manubrium facing right

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19
Q

normal tympanic membrane view

A

membrane appears translucent, cone of light, no bulging or indent

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20
Q

abnormal tympanic membrane view

A

can include a bulge, may not be translucent, could have holes or tears, could appear red

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21
Q

eustachain tube

A

directed downwards, forward, and medially from middle ear and into the pharynx

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22
Q

lateral third of the eustachian tube

A

bony portion arising from the anterior wall of the cavity
-widest at the tympanic end

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23
Q

medial two thirds of the eustachian tube

A

fibrocartilaginous portion entering the nasopharynx
-consists of a plate of cartilage

24
Q

direction of the eustachian tube

A

comes off of middle ear and comes into behind the turbinates of the nose
-cartilaginous eustachian tube is attached to the skull base in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the greater wing of sphenoid

25
Q

functions of the eustachian tube

A

ventilation of middle ear, drainage of middle ear secretions, protection from excessive nasopharyngeal sounds and secretions

26
Q

patulous eustachain tube

A

a disorder when the valve of the tube remains open
-can cause you to hear your own voice or own breathing too loudly

27
Q

effect of eustachain tube dysfunction

A

can cause unequal pressure

28
Q

how does the orientation differ between a child and adult’s eustachian tube

A

a child’s lies lower and the tube is generally more horizontal
-less angulated to those in adults

29
Q

issues of a eustachian tube in a child vs. adult

A

in a child, ventilatory functions is less effective, there are repeated incidences of middle ear disorders, and functions can be impaired by presence of cleft palate

30
Q

4 muscles related to the ET

A

tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, and tensor tympani

31
Q

valsalva

A

how to correct the negative middle ear pressure lock
-a maneuver to force expiration against a closed glottis

32
Q

3 ossicles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

33
Q

malleus

A

head, anterior process, manubrium, neck, articulatory facet for incus, and lateral process
-1st bone in the sequence

34
Q

incus

A

facet for malleus, body, short and long process, lenticular process
-2nd bone in the sequence

35
Q

stapes

A

head, neck, anterior crus, posterior crus, and stapes footplate
-3rd bone in the sequence

36
Q

functions of the ossicles

A

transports the mechanical vibration
-supports from ligaments and support from muscles
-bones works as a lever

37
Q

function of the ossicles and the TM

A

increased force is picked up by the TM and by the time it pushed on the footplate, there is enough force to push the fluids within the cochlea
-remember oval window is pushed on and round window is the fluid escape

38
Q

tendons of the ossicles

A

tensor tympani : on manubrium of malleus
stapedial muscle : comes off stapes

39
Q

ligaments of the ossicles

A

anterior mallear, lateral mallear, superior mallear, superior incudal, posterior incudal, and stapedial annular

40
Q

middle ear impedance matching function

A

trying to match the amount of resistance in outer vs. inner ear

41
Q

3 contributions of impedance matching

A

lever action, area difference of the TM compared to stapes footplate and the buckling of the tympanic membrane

42
Q

what bones are involved in the lever action

A

malleus and incus

43
Q

if we did not have the impedance matching, what would occur

A

would lose around 99% of energy because it would bounce off the eardrum

44
Q

how much gain occurs with impedance matching

A

33-34 dB
-size difference contributes the most

45
Q

middle ear muscle reflex

A

contraction of the stapedius muscle occurs as a response to loud sounds
-protects our ear from our own voice
-stapedius muscle contracts 50 msec prior to vocalization

46
Q

what is required for a MEMR to occur

A

normal ME mechanics and normal TM movement, a loud sound, and neural synchrony

47
Q

ipsilateral reflex arc

A

3 arch : CN 8 to antero-ventral cochlear nuclei to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle
4 arch : nerve fibers to antero-ventral cochlear nucleis to medial superior olive to facial motor nuclei to stapedial muscle

48
Q

contralateral reflex arc

A

1st route : CN 8 to antero-central cochlear nuclei to medial supeior olive crossover to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle
2nd route : CN 8 to antero-central cochlear nucleus crossover to medial superior olive to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle

49
Q

how we measure middle ear muscle reflex

A

measure with immittance testing
-tympanograms, reflex, and reflex decay

50
Q

what would cause the middle ear muscle reflex to be absent

A

any blockage along any point within the arc that would allow the signal to no longer pass through

51
Q

for contralateral pathways, how would a deaf ear impact the transmittance

A

if the deaf ear was on the opposite side of the sound, there will still be a reflex as no “lines” were impacted HOWEVER if the deaf ear was on the side of the sound, there would be no signal detected therefore no reflex

52
Q

which auditory brainstem structure is the first to receive binaural input and therefore serve to analyze interaural differences for the purpose of spatial localization

A

the superior olivary complex

53
Q

what brainstem nuclei are the first stopping point for incoming auditory projections from the cochlea being carried on cranial nerve 8

A

cochlear nuclei

54
Q

when an auditory stimulus reaches the cochlea what occurs to excite inner hair cells

A

potassium flows through the open ion channels to depolarize the cell, causing a receptor potential

55
Q

why do we have two ears with 2 auditory and vestibular systems

A

2 ears for auditory and vestibular because the brainstem takes both sides information and processes and compares it

AUDE 5160 (23 decks)

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