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AUDE 5160 > middle ear > Flashcards

middle ear Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

tympanic cavity

A

overview or the middle ear
-contains 3 ossicles
-bones and air

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2
Q

function of the middle ear

A

turns acoustic sound waves into mechanical vibrations

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3
Q

epitympanum

A

upper portion
-attic
-from top of TM and up

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4
Q

mesotympanum

A

middle part that contains the height of the TM

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5
Q

hypotympanum

A

lower part
-basement
-goes to eustachian tube

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6
Q

tympanic membrane

A

starting point of middle ear and the ending point of the outer ear
-walls off from ear canal air

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7
Q

mastoid antrum

A

the air space in petrous portion of temporal bone that communicates with mastoid cells

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8
Q

aditus ad antrum (inlet)

A

the opening into the mastoid antrum
-part of the epitympanum portion

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9
Q

mastoid air cells

A

a protective mechanisms appearing like bubbles within the mastoid bone
-pockets of air within the bone

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10
Q

mastoiditis

A

infection of the mastoid process
-middle ear infections that leads through the aditus ad antrum

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11
Q

roof of middle ear

A

“attic” made of temporal bone

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12
Q

floor of middle ear

A

bottom of the tympanic cavity

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13
Q

lateral wall of middle ear

A

membranous wall in the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

medial wall of the middle ear

A

labyrinthine wall, separates the cavity from the inner ear
-oval and round window

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15
Q

anterior wall of the middle ear

A

carotid wall
-separates cavity from carotid canal

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16
Q

posterior wall of the middle ear

A

mastoid wall
-connecting the cavity to the mastoid cells

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17
Q

tympanic membrane landmarks

A

pars flaccida, manubrium of malleus, umbo, cone of light, pars tensa, and tympanic annulus (ring around the membrane)

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18
Q

left vs. right ear with view of tympanic membrane

A

left : cone of light on left side, manubrium facing left
right : cone of light on right side, manubrium facing right

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19
Q

normal tympanic membrane view

A

membrane appears translucent, cone of light, no bulging or indent

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20
Q

abnormal tympanic membrane view

A

can include a bulge, may not be translucent, could have holes or tears, could appear red

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21
Q

eustachain tube

A

directed downwards, forward, and medially from middle ear and into the pharynx

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22
Q

lateral third of the eustachian tube

A

bony portion arising from the anterior wall of the cavity
-widest at the tympanic end

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23
Q

medial two thirds of the eustachian tube

Study These Flashcards
A

fibrocartilaginous portion entering the nasopharynx
-consists of a plate of cartilage

24
Q

direction of the eustachian tube

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A

comes off of middle ear and comes into behind the turbinates of the nose
-cartilaginous eustachian tube is attached to the skull base in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the greater wing of sphenoid

25
functions of the eustachian tube
ventilation of middle ear, drainage of middle ear secretions, protection from excessive nasopharyngeal sounds and secretions
26
patulous eustachain tube
a disorder when the valve of the tube remains open -can cause you to hear your own voice or own breathing too loudly
27
effect of eustachain tube dysfunction
can cause unequal pressure
28
how does the orientation differ between a child and adult's eustachian tube
a child's lies lower and the tube is generally more horizontal -less angulated to those in adults
29
issues of a eustachian tube in a child vs. adult
in a child, ventilatory functions is less effective, there are repeated incidences of middle ear disorders, and functions can be impaired by presence of cleft palate
30
4 muscles related to the ET
tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, and tensor tympani
31
valsalva
how to correct the negative middle ear pressure lock -a maneuver to force expiration against a closed glottis
32
3 ossicles
malleus, incus, and stapes
33
malleus
head, anterior process, manubrium, neck, articulatory facet for incus, and lateral process -1st bone in the sequence
34
incus
facet for malleus, body, short and long process, lenticular process -2nd bone in the sequence
35
stapes
head, neck, anterior crus, posterior crus, and stapes footplate -3rd bone in the sequence
36
functions of the ossicles
transports the mechanical vibration -supports from ligaments and support from muscles -bones works as a lever
37
function of the ossicles and the TM
increased force is picked up by the TM and by the time it pushed on the footplate, there is enough force to push the fluids within the cochlea -remember oval window is pushed on and round window is the fluid escape
38
tendons of the ossicles
tensor tympani : on manubrium of malleus stapedial muscle : comes off stapes
39
ligaments of the ossicles
anterior mallear, lateral mallear, superior mallear, superior incudal, posterior incudal, and stapedial annular
40
middle ear impedance matching function
trying to match the amount of resistance in outer vs. inner ear
41
3 contributions of impedance matching
lever action, area difference of the TM compared to stapes footplate and the buckling of the tympanic membrane
42
what bones are involved in the lever action
malleus and incus
43
if we did not have the impedance matching, what would occur
would lose around 99% of energy because it would bounce off the eardrum
44
how much gain occurs with impedance matching
33-34 dB -size difference contributes the most
45
middle ear muscle reflex
contraction of the stapedius muscle occurs as a response to loud sounds -protects our ear from our own voice -stapedius muscle contracts 50 msec prior to vocalization
46
what is required for a MEMR to occur
normal ME mechanics and normal TM movement, a loud sound, and neural synchrony
47
ipsilateral reflex arc
3 arch : CN 8 to antero-ventral cochlear nuclei to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle 4 arch : nerve fibers to antero-ventral cochlear nucleis to medial superior olive to facial motor nuclei to stapedial muscle
48
contralateral reflex arc
1st route : CN 8 to antero-central cochlear nuclei to medial supeior olive crossover to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle 2nd route : CN 8 to antero-central cochlear nucleus crossover to medial superior olive to facial motor nucleus to stapedial muscle
49
how we measure middle ear muscle reflex
measure with immittance testing -tympanograms, reflex, and reflex decay
50
what would cause the middle ear muscle reflex to be absent
any blockage along any point within the arc that would allow the signal to no longer pass through
51
for contralateral pathways, how would a deaf ear impact the transmittance
if the deaf ear was on the opposite side of the sound, there will still be a reflex as no "lines" were impacted HOWEVER if the deaf ear was on the side of the sound, there would be no signal detected therefore no reflex
52
which auditory brainstem structure is the first to receive binaural input and therefore serve to analyze interaural differences for the purpose of spatial localization
the superior olivary complex
53
what brainstem nuclei are the first stopping point for incoming auditory projections from the cochlea being carried on cranial nerve 8
cochlear nuclei
54
when an auditory stimulus reaches the cochlea what occurs to excite inner hair cells
potassium flows through the open ion channels to depolarize the cell, causing a receptor potential
55
why do we have two ears with 2 auditory and vestibular systems
2 ears for auditory and vestibular because the brainstem takes both sides information and processes and compares it

AUDE 5160 (23 decks)

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