Integumentary Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
It is the largest single organ of the body
A
Integumentary system
2
Q
What % comprises the body weight of skin
A
15 to 20%
3
Q
What are the functions of the integumentary system
A
Protection Sensory Thermoregulatory Metabolic Sexual Signaling
4
Q
Physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction pathogens and other material
A
Protection
5
Q
Receptors allow skin to constantly monitor the environment
A
Sensory
6
Q
Has mechanism for accelerating heat loss through sweat production and dense superficial microvasculature
A
Thermoregulatory
7
Q
Synthesize ___ through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor.
A
Metabolic; vitamin D3
8
Q
Visual indicators of health involved in attraction
o Hair
o Pigmentation
A
Sexual signaling
9
Q
Produced by apocrine sweat glands are also important
A
Pheromones
10
Q
Peg-and-socket interdigitations in most skin that form distinctive patterns unique for each individual
A
Epidermal Ridges
11
Q
Combinations of loops, arches, and whorls
A
Dermatoglyphs
12
Q
Contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products and aid in regulating body temperature
A
Dermal Papillae
13
Q
It has a ectodermal origin
A
Epidermis
14
Q
What type of tissue is the epidermis
A
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
15
Q
It has a mesodermal origin
A
Dermis
16
Q
What type of tissue is the dermis
A
connective tissue
17
Q
A loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues
A
Hypodermis
18
Q
What cells compises the epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
19
Q
When is the human epidermis renewed
A
Every 15 to 30 days
20
Q
It lacks microvasculature, cell receives nutrients through the dermis
A
Epidermis
21
Q
Pigment-producing cells
A
Melanocytes
22
Q
Where can the melanocytes be found
A
Basal layer
23
Q
It is an antigen-presenting cells to T-lymphocytes found in stratum spinosum layer
A
Langerhans cells
24
Q
Where can the langerhans cells be found
A
Stratum spinosum
25
Tactile epithelial cells for light touch mostly found in thick skin
Merkel cells
26
Where is the merkel cells located
Granular basal epidermal cells
27
Where is the merkel cells abundant
Fingertips
| Bases of hair follicles
28
It is a disease that is uncommon, are very aggressive and difficult to treat.
Merkel cell carcinoma
29
This layer consists of 15 –20 layers of flattened, nonnucleated keratinized cells whose cytoplasm is filled with birefringent filamentous keratin.
Stratum corneum
30
Horny cornified or fully keratinized cells which are continuously shed as desmosomes and lipid rich cell envelopes break down.
Squames
31
Chronic skin condition in which keratocytes are typically produced and differentiate at accelerated rates, causing at least slight thickening of the epidermal layers and increased keratinization and desquamation.; cause by T lymphocyte
Psoriasis
32
This layer is only seen on THICK skin;
| Consists of thin, translucent layer extremely flattened eosinophilic cells
Stratum lucidum
33
Nuclei and organelles have been lost and cytoplasm contains packed keratin
Stratum lucidum
34
Consists of 3 -5 layers of flattened polygonal cells undergoing terminal differentiation process of keratinization
Stratum granulosum
35
Dense, non-membrane bound masses of filaggrin and other proteins
Keratohyaline granules
36
Small ovoid structures with many lamellae with lipids and glycolipids, undergo exocytosis to produce lipid rich layer which contributes to skin’s barrier against water loss
Golgi-derived lamellar granules
37
Thickest layer, especially in epidermal ridges
Stratum spinosum
38
It consist of polyhedral or slightly flattened cells having central nuclei with nucleoli and cytoplasm actively synthesizing keratin filaments
Stratum spinosum
39
Combination of stratum spinosum and basale where cells may still divivde
Stratum germinativum
40
Keratin filaments assemble into microscopically visible bundles called _____ that converge and terminate at the desmosomes
Tonofibrils
41
This is the basal layer with intense mitotic activity
Stratum basale
42
What type of tissue is in the stratum basale
Basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells
43
Join cells to basal lamina
Hemidesmosomes
44
Bind cells in lateral and upper
Desmosomes
45
This condition are lymph-filled spaces created between the epidermis and dermis of thick skin by excessive rubbing, as with ill-fitting shoes or hard use of the hands.
Friction blisters
46
One cell thick containing most mitotic cells
Stratum basale
47
Where synthesis of much keratin and other proteins takes place
Stratum spinosum
48
Consisting of dead squames composed mostly of keratin
Stratum corneum
49
It synthesize melanin granules and transfer them into neighboring keratinocytes
of the basal and spinous layers
Melanocytes
50
Brown or black pigment
Eumelanin
51
Red pigment
Pheomelanin
52
Pale staining rounded cell bodies attached by hemidesmosomes to basal lamina, with no attachment to keratinocyte
Neural crest
53
1 melanocyte + keratinocytes which receives melanosomes
Epidermal-melanin unit
54
Congenital disorder producing skin hypopigmentation due to a defect in tyrosinase or some other component of the melanin-producing pathway
Albinism
55
Acquired condition which involves skin depigmentation, often only in affected patches, due to the loss or decreased activity of melanocytes.
Vitiligo
56
it converts tyrosine into 3,4-
| dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
Tyrosinase
57
In stage does melanin synthesis occurs
Stage II melanosomes
58
This is the stage when a mature melanin granule has lost tyrosinase
Sage IV
59
What comprises the dermis
Hair follicles
Glands
and nerves
60
Is always found between the stratum basale and
| the papillary layer of the dermis.
Basement membrane
61
Blistering disorder due to abnormalities of the
| dermal-epidermal junction
Bulbous pemphigoid
62
Blistering disorder caused by autoimmune damage
| to intercellular junctions between keratinocytes.
Pemphigus
63
Constitute the major part of the dermal papillae.
Papillary layer of dermis
64
What is the composition of papillary layer of dermis
Loose CT, Type I and III collagen with fibroblast, and other connective tissue such as mast cells and macrophage
65
Capillary branches extend into the dermal papillae and
| form a rich, nutritive capillary network
Subpapillary vascular plexus
66
Composed of irregular dense connective tissue
| and has more fibers and fewer cells
Reticular layer of dermis
67
Consists of loose connective tissue that binds the skin loosely to the subjacent organs, making it
possible for the skin to slide over them.
Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
68
Including both simple nerve endings with no glial or
| collagenous covering structure
Sensory receptors of the skin
69
Associated with epidermal tactile cells, which function as receptor for light touch
Tactile disc
70
Respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain, and itching, but also function
as tactile receptors
Free nerve endings
71
A web
of sensory fibers surrounding the bases of hair follicles
in the reticular dermis that detects movement of the
hairs
Root hair plexus/hair follicle receptor
72
Elliptical structures, perpendicular to the epidermis in the dermal papillae and papillary layer of the fingertips, palms and soles
Tactile corpuscles/Meissner's Corpuscles
73
Test than can determine the density of tactile Meissner
| corpuscles in skin
Two-point discrimination tests
74
Lamellated corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles/Vater-pacinian corpuscles
75
pressure sensing mechanoreceptors in the dermis.
Krause corpuscles
76
Where is the krause corpuscles found
skin of penis and clitoris
77
Pressure sensing mechanoreceptors in the dermis.
Ruffini corpuscles
78
What are the accessory skin structures
Hair, arrector pili muscle, nails, glands of the skin
79
Elongated keratinized structures
Hair
80
Invaginations of the epidermal epithelium
Hair follicles
81
Part of hair that is large, vacuolated and moderately
| keratinized
Medulla
82
Heavily keratinized, densely packed cells
Cortex
83
Thin layer of heavily keratinized, squamous cells covering the cortex
Cuticle
84
Epidermal invaginations that are sites of growth for
| hair
Hair follicles
85
Completely surrounds
the initial part of the hair root but
degenerates above the level of attached
sebaceous glands.
Internal root sheath
86
Covers the internal
sheath and extends all the way to the
epidermis, where it is continuous with the
basal and spinous layers.
External root sheath
87
Thickened basement membrane of an acellular
hyaline layer separating hair follicle from the
dermis
Glassy membrane
88
Terminal dilation of the growing hair follicle
Hair bulb
89
inserts into the base of the
| hair bulb and contains a capillary network
Hair dermal papilla
90
Matrix is formed by
keratinocytes covering the
dermal papillla
Hair root
91
Part of hair extending beyond skin surface
Hair shaft
92
Is a strap of smooth muscle tissue connecting the
side of a follicle to the superficial surface of the
dermis
Arrector pili muscle
93
Raised area of skin
Goose flesh
94
Hard, flexible plates of keratin or the
| dorsal surface of each distal phalanx.
Nails
95
The free part
Free edge
96
Visible part of the nail
Nail body
97
A whitish crescent shaped area at the base of the nail
Lunula
98
stratum corneum that
| extends into the nail body
Eponychium (cuticle)
99
Bound to a bed of epidermis
Nail plate
100
Distal end of the plate free of the nail bed at the epidermal fold
Hyponychium
101
Contains only basal and spinous epidermal layers
Nail bed
102
Proximal part of the nail; portion of the
| nail under the fold
Nail root
103
Forms the nail root, in which cells divide, move distally and become keratinized
similar to hair but without keratohyaline granules
Nail matrix
104
```
Embedded in the
dermis over most of
the body surface
EXCEPT thick, hairless
skin of the palms and
soles
```
Sebaceous Gland
105
What is the shape of the sebaceous gland
Branched acinar glands
106
Hair follicle and associated
| sebaceous glands
Pilosebaceous units
107
An inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit,
which can be expected to occur during
adolescence.
Acne vulgaris
108
Epithelial derivatives embedded in the dermis
Sweat Gland
109
```
Is the physiological response to increased body
temperature during
physical exercise or
thermal stress and in
humans the most
effective means of
temperature regulation
```
Sweating
110
Widely distributed
in the skin are most
numerous on the
soles of the feet
Eccrine sweat glands
111
Located on the basal lamina to produce the sweat
Clear cells
112
Line the lumen and release
| glycoproteins with bactericidal activity
Dark cells
113
Contract to move the
| watery secretion
Myoepithelial cells
114
How many layers of acidophilic cells does eccrine sweat glands have
2
115
Largely confined to skin of the axillary perianal regions; Depends on sex hormones and is not complete until puberty
Apocrine sweat glands
116
Have much larger lumens (glands)
Apocrine sweat glands
117
What is the type of tissue of apocrine sweat glands
simple cuboidal
