Integumentary System

Question 1

what are the three main layers of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 2

tissue of the epidermis

Answer 2

stratified squamous epithelium (epithelial tissue)

Question 3

tissue of the dermis

Answer 3

dense and elastic connective tissue

Question 4

tissue of the hypodermis

Answer 4

adipose tissue

Question 5

epidermis

Answer 5

contains melanin for color, keratin to give strength and waterproof characteristics, and has no blood supply

Question 6

parts of the epidermis

Answer 6

stratum corneum- the dead cells
germinativum - living and dividing cells
melanocytes and keratocytes (melanin and keratin)

Question 7

dermis

Answer 7

functional, contain the dermal papillae and fibroblasts, protein fibers that provide strength

Question 8

dermal papillae

Answer 8

Found in the upper layers of the dermis, they bind the epidermis and dermis and create fingerlike projections. These form your fingerprint pattern

Question 9

hypodermis

Answer 9

deepest layer of skin, contains major blood vessels and nerves, anchors skin to fascia

Question 10

fascia

Answer 10

fibrous, web-like tissue that covers major muscles and bones

Question 11

skin appendage functions

Answer 11

accessories, help skin with its functions

Question 12

skin appendages

Answer 12

glands, nerves, nails, hair

Question 13

glands

Answer 13

ceruminous, sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine

Question 14

cerumen

Answer 14

yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal

Question 15

ceruminous glands

Answer 15

collects dirt and dust through cerumen and carries it out of the ear

Question 16

sebum

Answer 16

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

Question 17

sebaceous glands

Answer 17

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles to lubricate the hair and keep it from drying out

Question 18

apocrine sweat glands

Answer 18

found deep in the dermis, concentrated in hair follicles in armpits and genitals, secretions contain fats and proteins; secretes primarily into the hair

Question 19

why apocrine sweat smells

Answer 19

bacteria feed off fats and proteins which are attracted through pheromones, causing body odor

Question 20

eccrine sweat glands

Answer 20

found everywhere, secretes mainly into pores, composed of water, salts, and wastes; food odors leak out of these glands

Question 21

where nerves are commonly located

Answer 21

dermis and fascia

Question 22

sensory receptors

Answer 22

special nerve cells that communicate from the environment to the body (temperature, pain, touch)

Question 23

free nerve endings

Answer 23

located in epidermis, detect chemicals with tissue damage that register pain

Question 24

Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 24

located deep in the hypodermis, detect strong pressure

Question 25

Meissner's corpuscles

Answer 25

found in dermis (dermal papillae), detect touch

Question 26

nails

Answer 26

keratocytes in nail root move up, die, and flatten to create a protective covering

Question 27

hair

Answer 27

stratum corneum cells fold inward to create the hair follicle

Question 28

hair papilla

Answer 28

has its own blood and nerve supply; base of the follicle

Question 29

hair shaft

Answer 29

dead and hardened stratum corneum cells (visible part of the hair follicle)

Question 30

hair cycle

Answer 30

new hair cells move up follicle, push out older cells; cells dry out, fill with keratin and die

Question 31

arrector pili

Answer 31

muscle attached to the hair follicle to hold hair erect

Question 32

layers of hair

Answer 32

cuticle, cortex, medulla

Question 33

cuticle

Answer 33

outside covering of hair made of overlapping scales; protects the inner layers of hair from breaking down

Question 34

cortex

Answer 34

middle of the cuticle, contains melanin and keratin, which provides strength to the hair

Question 35

medulla

Answer 35

deepest layer of the hair, makes up less than 1/3 of the hair of a person, mostly found in animals; helps scientists find source of the strand

Question 36

types of melanin

Answer 36

phenomelanin - black, brown, and blonde haired eumelanin - red haired

Question 37

functions of integument

Answer 37

protection, regulating temperature, senses, absorption of sunlight

Question 38

why does it hurt to pull out hair?

Answer 38

cutting hair only cuts dead cells, which are not attached to nerves; pulling out hair directly affects the nerves

Question 39

1st degree burn

Answer 39

only the epidermis is damaged, reddening and swelling

Question 40

2nd degree burn

Answer 40

dermal papillae damaged as well as living part of epidermis, creates blisters full of fluid

Question 41

3rd degree burn

Answer 41

all layers of skin affected, damages major muscles and nerves; can lead to infection and dehydration

Question 42

rule of nines

Answer 42

method to examine the extent of a burn leg- 9% each side arm- 4.5% each side head- 4.5% genitals 1% chest- 9% abdomen- 9% Lower back- 9% Upper back- 9%

Question 43

sweat

Answer 43

dilutes and buffers chemicals

Question 44

connective tissue (elastin)

Answer 44

resistant to stretching and tearing

Question 45

stratum corneum

Answer 45

sheds layers to avoid skin erosion and infection

Question 46

cerumen and sebum

Answer 46

repels excessive water, retains water from escaping

Question 47

adipose tissue

Answer 47

absorbs shock + stores heat

Question 48

commensal bacteria

Answer 48

rids bad bacteria

Question 49

blood vessels

Answer 49

homeostasis achieved through constricting and dilating arteries and veins

Question 50

pores

Answer 50

absorb sunlight to be processed by the liver in your body

Question 51

acne

Answer 51

overproduction of sebum

Question 52

psoriasis

Answer 52

increased skin cell production, skin inflammation; dry, red, and itchy

Question 53

vitiligo

Answer 53

decrease in melanin in certain spots (hypopigmentation)

Question 54

albinism

Answer 54

no melanin production at all in the eyes, hair, and skin

Question 55

tinea (ringworm, athlete's foot)

Answer 55

skin fungus that eats keratin

Question 56

warts

Answer 56

HPV, HSV, incurable but treatable