Integumentary System

Question 1

Functions of the intugementary system

Answer 1

Mechanical barrier, protects internal structures, participates in immune response, gland for Vitamin D synthesis, performs secretion, performs sensory role, helps regulate temperature

Question 2

Layers of the intugementary system

Answer 2

Epidermis <= epithelial tissue
Dermis <= connective tissue
Subcutaneous
Accessory structures

Question 3

Layers of the epidermis

Answer 3

Stratum germinativum, deeper layer, cells divide and move toward surface
Stratum corneum, composed of dead flattened cells
Keratinization: begins in epidermis, makes skin cells hard, flat, water resistant

Question 4

Function of the dermis

Answer 4

Lies under and supports the epidermis
Sits on the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
Embedded with accessory structures

Question 5

Skin tells a story

Answer 5

Reflects disease process, drug reactions, mirrors stress levels, chronic irritation

Question 6

Subcutaneous layer: hypodermis

Answer 6

Tissue that lies beneath the skin, highly vascularlized
Roles: Insulates body from extreme temperature changes, its connective tissue anchors skin to underlying structures

Question 7

Skins, drugs, and chemicals

Answer 7

Skin can absorb chemicals
Hypodermic= diabetes
Transdermal= patches
Intradermal= allergy test
Topical

Question 8

What is skin color determined by?

Answer 8

Genes, physiology, sometimes pathology

Question 9

Dark pigment

Answer 9

Melanin
Secreted by melanocytes in the epidermis
Melanocyte malfunctions: Albinism, vitiligo, moles

Question 10

Yellow pigment

Answer 10

Carotene
Presence of melanin can overshadow carotene

Question 11

Physiological changes

Answer 11

Blushing: blood dilation
Pallor: blood vessel contriction

Question 12

Pathological changes

Answer 12

Cyanosis: poor oxygenation
Jaundice: bilrubin deposition
Bronzing: Melanin overproduction
Ecchymosis: black or blue bruising

Question 13

Accessory structure

Answer 13

Hair, nails, glands

Question 14

Hair

Answer 14

Functions: detect insects, protect eyes, keep dust out of lungs
Hormones affect hair growth
Melanin influences color

Question 15

Where does hair arise from?

Answer 15

The epidermis

Question 16

Nails

Answer 16

Free edge, nail body, nail root
Lunula (white part) shows nail growth
Protects tips of fingers and toes
Can reflect deficiencies or issues in blood

Question 17

Glands

Answer 17

Sebaceous glands: Oil gland secretes sebum
Sudiferous: Sweat glands

Question 18

Appocrine gland

Answer 18

Sudiferous gland
-Associated with hair follicle- more active during puberty

Question 19

Eccicrine glands

Answer 19

Sudiferous gland
-Associated with temperature regulation

Question 20

Modified sudiferous glands

Answer 20

Mammary glands: secrete milk
Cerumunous glands: secretes ear wax

Question 21

Body temperature terms

Answer 21

Corm temperature: inner parts of body
Shell temperature: surface areas of the body
Thermoregulation: balance of heat production and heat loss

Question 22

Heat production

Answer 22

Metabolism: basis of body temperature
Blood disperses heat throughout the body
Most heat produced by muscles, liver, and endocrine glands
Can be affected by food consumption, hormones, disease, and physical activity

Question 23

The ways body heat is lost

Answer 23

Radiation (body radiates heat), evaporation (body heat –> sweat –> evaporates), conduction (direct contact with an object), convection (heat loss by air or water moving across the skin)

Question 24

What is temperature regulated by?

Answer 24

The hypothalamus
-Heat lost by: Dilation of blood vessels, sweating
-Heat conserved by: Shivering, blood vessel; constriction, less sweat

Question 25

Newborns and body temperature

Answer 25

Lost more heat than they produce
-Large surface area
-Large bald head
-Less insulation
-Limited capacity to dissipate heat
Because hypothalamus isn’t fully developed babies are at risk for hypothermia

Question 26

Burns are classified by depth

Answer 26

Partial thickness: first, second degree
Full thickness: third degree

Question 27

Rule of nines

Answer 27

Head and neck: 9%, 4.5/4.5
Arms hands and shoulders: 18% 4.5/4.5, 4.5/4.5
Chest: 36%, 18/18
Groin: 1%
Legs: 9% front and back each leg