Skeletal system

Question 1

Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

Support
Hematopoesis (ie makes red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in red bone marrow)
Protects your organs
Stores and excretes minerals
Assists in movement
Triglyceride or fat storage in yellow bone marrow

Question 2

Types of bones

Answer 2

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 3

Long bone defined, examples

Answer 3

Greater length than width
Outer layer compact bone inner layer spongy bone at epyphisis
Examples:
Femur, tibia, humerus, radius

Question 4

Structure of long bones

Answer 4

Epiphysis at ends, spongy (red bone marrow)
Diaphysis in the middle (yellow bone marrow)
Epiphyseal disc, the growth plate, cartilage–> bone
Medullary cavity, where marrows are (yellow)
Periosteum, covers bone
Articular cartialige, frictionless surface for joints
Metaphysis, where growth plate is located

Question 5

Short bones defined, examples

Answer 5

Nearly equal in length than width, inner layer spongy, outer compact
No medullary cavity
Examples:
Carpals (wrist)
Tarsels (ankles)

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

Flat bone with inner layer of sponge compacted between outer compact
No medullary cavity
Examples:
Cranium
Sternum
Scapula

Question 7

Irregular

Answer 7

Examples:
Vertebrae
Facial bones
Coxal bone (hip)

Question 8

Sesamoid bones
Sutural bones

Answer 8

Prevent wear and tear on tendons
Ex: Patellar
Small bones between cranial structures

Question 9

Osteogenic cells

Answer 9

Unspecialized bone cells/ stem cells
Produce osteoblasts

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

Build bone! (Deposition)

Question 11

Osteocytes

Answer 11

Last stage of maturity final bone

Question 12

Osteoclasts

Answer 12

Break down bone by releasing enzymes

Question 13

What is osteoclastic activity called?

Answer 13

Resorption

Question 14

What is another word for osteogenisis?

Answer 14

Ossification

Question 15

When does bone ossification occur?

Answer 15

Formation of bones in embryo
Growth of bones in infancy to adulthood
Remodeling of bone throughout life
Repair of bone fractures

Question 16

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 16

Intramembranous and endochondral

Question 17

Intramembranous- where does it occur and what happens

Answer 17

Occurs in flat bones of skull, replacing thin connective tissue with bone

Question 18

Endochondral- where and what

Answer 18

Replacement of fetal cartialige skeletion with bone
In long, short, irregular bones

Question 19

What is the soft spot in a newborns head?

Answer 19

Fontanel, where intramembranous ossification happens

Question 20

Where does growth of bones occur?

Answer 20

Epiphyseal disc
Osteoblasts invite cartialige in disc –> Mature into osteocytes

Question 21

What can cause irregular growth (ie gigantism/ dwarfism)

Answer 21

Hormones, too much = gigantism, too little = dwarfism

Question 22

What can cause acromegaly?

Answer 22

Tumor on pituitary gland, releases growth hormone, makes you wider because you can’t grow anymore

Question 23

What are the types of fractures?

Answer 23

Greenstick- partial bone break
Compound- bone is protruding out of skin
SImple- broken but not out of skin

Question 24

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

Answer 24

80 bones

Question 25

What bones are the axial skeleton?

Answer 25

Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Question 26

Bones in your cranium (8)

Answer 26

Frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 27

What are sinuses?

Answer 27

Hollow portion of bone, makes it weight less, modulate sound of voice

Question 28

What bones have sinuses?

Answer 28

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

Question 29

Parts of the temporal bone?

Answer 29

Zygomatic process, external auditory meatus (ear hole), mastoid process, styloid process,

Question 30

Parts of occipital bone?

Answer 30

Foramen magnum (the hole on bottom, brain stem leading to spinal cord), occipital condyle

Question 31

Sphenoid bone

Answer 31

Is irregular, butterfly/bat shape Forms floor and sides Connects cranium to facial bones

Question 32

Does the sphenoid have sinuses?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Ethmoid bone

Answer 33

Is irregular, between the eye orbits, supports nasal cavity

Question 34

What are the facial bones and how many are there?

Answer 34

2 nasal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 lacrymal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 maxilla bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer bone and mandible There are 14

Question 35

What is the only movable bone in your face?

Answer 35

Mandible

Question 36

What are the hyoid bones?

Answer 36

Malleus (2), incus (2), stapus (2)

Question 37

What are the fontanels?

Answer 37

Anterior, posterior, anterolateral, posterolateral

Question 38

What are the sections of the vertebral column in order?

Answer 38

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and cocyx

Question 39

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 39

C1-C7

Question 40

Thoracic vertabrae

Answer 40

T1-T12

Question 41

Lumbar vertabrae

Answer 41

L1-L5

Question 42

What is the atlas?

Answer 42

C1, allows you to nod yes

Question 43

What is the aixs?

Answer 43

C2, allows you to rotate for no

Question 44

Disorders of the vertebral column

Answer 44

Socoliosis (lateral curve), kyphosis (hunchback), lordosis (swayback, big booty back arched)

Question 45

Parts of the thoracic cage?

Answer 45

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

Question 46

Parts of the sternum

Answer 46

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Question 47

How many true ribs are there?

Answer 47

7 pairs, directly attached to sternum through costal cartialige

Question 48

How many false ribs?

Answer 48

5 pairs are false, 2 pairs of those 5 are floating

Question 49

What are the types of joints?

Answer 49

Movable, slightly movable, immovable

Question 50

Types of freely movable joints

Answer 50

Hinge (allows movement on one axis, elbows, knees) , Pivot joint (rotation about only one axis, forearm) Ball and socket (allows all movement, hip and shoulder) Saddle (allows some rotation, cartometacarpal joint of thumb) Gliding (wrists) Condyloid (knuckles)

Question 51

Flexion and extension

Answer 51

Bending and straightening

Question 52

Inversion and eversion

Answer 52

Pointing in toward midline, pointing out Looking like ballet

Question 53

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

Answer 53

Flexing foot down, pointing foot up by heel

Question 54

Supination and pronation

Answer 54

Palm facing up (spoon), palm facing down

Question 55

Abduction and adduction

Answer 55

Away from body, toward body

Question 56

Hyperextension

Answer 56

Going past 180 degrees

Question 57

Circumduction

Answer 57

Blend of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to create circular movement

Question 58

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 58

126

Question 59

Pectoral girdle

Answer 59

Scapula (shoulder bone) Clavicle (collarbone)

Question 60

Upper limbs

Answer 60

Humerus (first arm bone), radius and ulna (below elbow, ulna on pinky side, radius on thumb side), carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), phalanges (fingers)

Question 61

Pelvic girdle (coxal bones)

Answer 61

Made up of many bones together Illium (the big part of pelvis), ischium (near pubis), pubis, acetabulum, symphysis pubis

Question 62

Male vs female pelvic girdle

Answer 62

Women pelvis tends to be wider for child birthing

Question 63

Functions of pelvic girdle?

Answer 63

Weight bearing, attachment for lower limbs, protection

Question 64

Leg bones

Answer 64

Femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (big shin bone), fibula (little one), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (kind of like palm), phalanges (toes)

Question 65

Joint names

Answer 65

Tibiafemoral (knee), humeroulnar (elbow), Metacarpophalangeal (wrist), glenohumoral (shoulder), coxal (hip)