Integumentary System

Question 1

Epidermis

Answer 1

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that grows continuously grows. Derived from ectoderm

Question 2

Dermis

Answer 2

Connective tissue that provides support for the skin. Contains epidermal appendages, blood vessels, and nerves. Derived from mesoderm

Question 3

Hypodermis

Answer 3

Variable amount of adipose tissue. Main function is insulation.

Question 4

Principle cells of epidermis

Answer 4

Keratinocytes

Question 5

Stratum basale

Answer 5

Deepest layer of epidermis. Single layer of cells on the basement membrane. Contains mitotically active cells.

Question 6

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 6

Link keratinocytes of stratum basale to basal lamina

Question 7

Blistering diseases

Answer 7

Autoimmune reactions to hemidesmosomes

Question 8

Stratum spinosum

Answer 8

Several cells thick. Connected by desmosomes. Cells are generally spherical in shape.

Question 9

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 9

Contains keratohyalin granules that stains intensely.

Question 10

Stratum lucidum

Answer 10

Contains most differentiated cells in the epidermis. Lost nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.

Question 11

Main functions of keratinocytes

Answer 11

Produce keratin and for water barrier.

Question 12

2 unique structures found in keratinocytes

Answer 12

Keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies

Question 13

Main proteins in keratohyalin granules

Answer 13

Filaggrin and trichohyalin. Promote aggregation of keratin filaments into fibrils

Question 14

Keratinization

Answer 14

Aggregation of keratin filaments into fibrils.

Question 15

Lamellar bodies

Answer 15

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a mixture of lipids (make the water barrier)

Question 16

Where are squamous cell carcinomas derived from?

Answer 16

Stratum spinosum

Question 17

Which layer is basal cell carcinoma derived from?

Answer 17

Stratum basale

Question 18

Melanocytes-function

Answer 18

Production and distribution of melanin

Question 19

Melanocytes-cell structuree

Answer 19

Rounded cell body, numerous long processes. Not bound by desmosomes. Contain melanosomes.

Question 20

Melanosomes

Answer 20

Granules of melanin

Question 21

Malignant melanoma

Answer 21

Malignant tumor of melanocytes

Question 22

Langerhans’ cells

Answer 22

Monocyte-derived immune system cells in the epidermis. Antigen-presenting cells that illicit an immune response when pathogens enter the skin. “Gather” antigens then present them to lymph nodes, and thus lymphocytes.

Question 23

Dendritic cell found in the epidermis not bound by desmosomes

Answer 23

Langerhans’ cells

Question 24

Merkel’s cells

Answer 24

Mechanoreception. Make contact with sensory nerve fibers. Most abundant in the fingertips. Located in stratum basale (bound via desmosomes). Have dense-core granules in the cytoplasm.

Question 25

Junction between dermis and epidermis

Answer 25

``` Rete Ridges (epideermis) Dermal papillae (dermis) ```

Question 26

Layers of the dermis

Answer 26

Papillary layer | Reticular layer

Question 27

Papillary layer of the dermis

Answer 27

Loose connective tissue. More superficial. Includes dermal papillae

Question 28

Reticular layer of dermis

Answer 28

Deep to papillary. More thick and less cellular. Dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 29

Capillary Loops

Answer 29

In the dermal papillae. Give skin the pink color.

Question 30

Superficial Vascular plexus

Answer 30

Found at the junction between the papillary and reticular layers

Question 31

Deep vascular plexus

Answer 31

Located at the cutaneous/subcutaneous junction

Question 32

Where are lymphatic capillaries usually found?

Answer 32

Dermal papillae

Question 33

Pilosebaceous apparatus

Answer 33

Hair follicles, hair and sebaceous glands

Question 34

Root of a hair

Answer 34

Part of the hair located in the follicle

Question 35

Shaft of hair

Answer 35

Any part that projects above the surface of the epidermis

Question 36

Innermost layer of hair

Answer 36

Medulla

Question 37

Layer of hair that contains live cells accumulating keratin

Answer 37

Cortex

Question 38

Outer most layer of hair consisting of dead squamous cells

Answer 38

Cuticle

Question 39

What do sebaceous glands secrete? (General term)

Answer 39

Sebum

Question 40

Appearance of mature cells in sebaceous glands

Answer 40

Abundant SER, lipid droplets. Undergo apoptosis once released

Question 41

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 41

Smooth muscle at connects the deeper part of the follicle to the superficial dermis. Causes erection of hair. Innervated via sympathetic nervous system.

Question 42

Appearance of eccrine sweat glands

Answer 42

Simple coiled tubular glands. Not associated with hair follicle. Duct is lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium.

Question 43

What produces thee watery component of sweat?

Answer 43

Clear cells of eccrine sweat glands

Question 44

Appearance of dark eccrine sweat gland cells

Answer 44

Abundant RER and glycoprotein granules

Question 45

What secretes the proteinaceous component of sweat?

Answer 45

Dark cells of eccrine sweat glands

Question 46

What produces contractions that helps discharge sweat into ducts?

Answer 46

Myoepithelial cells

Question 47

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 47

Large-lumen tubular glands associated with hair follicles

Question 48

Which gland secretes pheromones?

Answer 48

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 49

Mammary glands

Answer 49

Modified apocrine sweat glands

Question 50

What initiates secretion in mammary glands?

Answer 50

Prolactin

Question 51

What stimulates ejection of milk from the breast?

Answer 51

Oxytocin

Question 52

What cells released oxytocin in mammary glands?

Answer 52

Myoepithelial cells between secretory cells and basal lamina.

Question 53

Branched tubuloalveolar glands

Answer 53

Make up each lobule of mammary glands (along with dense irregular connective tissue).

Question 54

Lactiferous sinuses

Answer 54

Ducts of the tubuloavleolar glands that are lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 55

What do inactive tubuloalveolar glands lack?

Answer 55

Secretory end-pieces

Question 56

What types of secretion are involved with the production of milk?

Answer 56

Merocrine and apocrine

Question 57

What part of the milk is synthesized via merocrine secretion?

Answer 57

The proteinaceous part

Question 58

What part of milk if formed via apocrine secretion?

Answer 58

Fatty component of milk