Intelligence Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Intelligence as Sensory Capacity theory?
A
• Theory that people with superior sensory capacities should acquire more knowledge than other people
• Developed by Sir Francis Galton
• Studies proved
o Having one exceptional sense has almost no correlation with having any other exceptional senses
o Sensory ability not highly correlated with assessments of overall intelligence
• Recent research shows some forms of sensory ability may moderately relate to intelligence
2
Q
What is an intelligence test?
A
o Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
o Created in 1904 by Binet and Simon
o Designed to find which children were falling behind in learning
o Contained diverse content that identified higher mental process
Includes reasoning, understanding, and judgement
o Current tests still follow original lead
3
Q
What is abstract thinking?
A
o Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
4
Q
What abilities does intelligence consist of?
A
o Reason abstractly
o Learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances
o Acquire knowledge
o Benefit from experience
5
Q
What is the g factor?
A
o General intelligence
o Thought to do with mental energy, some of us just have more powerful engines that are more effective and efficient
o Controversial as some think it’s elitist and others believe it’s a statistical artifact
o Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
o Used to describe the mildly positive correlation between people getting one item correct on an intelligence test and getting others correct
6
Q
What is the s factor?
A
o Specific abilities
o Particular ability level in a narrow domain
7
Q
What is fluid intelligence?
A
o Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
o More likely to decline with age
o More highly related to g, suggesting it may capture the power of the mental image
8
Q
What is crystallized intelligence?
A
o Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
o More likely to increase with age
o Mildly positive correlation with personality trait called openness to experience
9
Q
What is the multiple intelligence theory and what is its weakness?
A
- Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
- Developed by Howard Gardner
- Believed concept of g is wrong or incomplete
- Weakness is model is too vague, difficult to test, and nearly impossible to falsify
10
Q
What frames of mind are proposed by the multiple intelligence theory?
A
- Different ways of thinking about the world
- Each is a different and fully independent intelligence in its own right
- Different intelligences should be especially pronounced in people with exceptional talents
- Explains autistic savants who show remarkable abilities with one domain but not others
11
Q
What are the 8 (or nine) different intelligence types proposed in the multiple intelligences theory?
A
• Linguistic
o Speak and write well
• Logico-mathematical
o Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions
• Spatial
o Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space
• Musical
o Perform, understand, and enjoy music
• Bodily-kinesthetic
o Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours
• Interpersonal
o Understand and interact effectively with others
• Intrapersonal
o Understand and possess insight into self
• Naturalistic
o Recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things
• Tentative new one: existential intelligence
o Ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas, like the meaning of life
12
Q
What is the triarchic model?
A
- Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing 3 distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative intelligence
- Remains controversial as they are not really independent of each other and research is only correlational not causational
13
Q
What is analytically intelligence?
A
- Ability to reason logically
- Traditional book smarts
- Closely related to g but considered only one part of intelligence
14
Q
What is practical intelligence?
A
- Also called tacit intelligence
- Ability to solve real world problems, especially those involving other people
- Similar to street smarts
- Some call it social intelligence or capacity to understand others
- Sternberg argues it predicts outcomes such as job performance
15
Q
What is creative intelligence?
A
- Also called creativity
- Ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions
- Sternberg argues it predicts outcomes such as job performance
16
Q
How are intelligence and reaction time correlated?
A
- Increased intelligence results in decreased reaction time
* Galton and his speed of sensory processing may not have been totally wrong
17
Q
How are intelligence and memory correlated?
A
• Scores on working memory tests moderately positively correlated with intelligence scores
18
Q
What part of the brain holds the location for intelligence?
A
• Not located on a single part
• Prefrontal cortex activated during reasoning tasks
o Plays key roles in planning, impulse control, and short-term memory
• Parietal lobe involved with spatial abilities
19
Q
What is the double course of incompetence?
A
o People with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities
o Explains why some people perform poorly in school and on the job even though they are convinced they are performing well
20
Q
What are metacognitive skills and how do they relate to the double course of incompetence?
A
o Knowledge of our own knowledge
o Play a role in the double course
21
Q
What is the Stanford-Binet IQ test?
A
- Developed in 1916 and still used in 5th edition today
- Originally developed for children but expanded to include adults
- Wide variety of tasks
- Set of norms allows comparison with peers
22
Q
What is IQ?
A
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
23
Q
What is the deviation IQ? What is considered average and above/below average?
A
- New formula to calculate a persons IQ
- Expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
- IQ of 100 is exactly average
- An IQ of 80 is a standard amount below average for an age group
- An IQ of 120 is a standard amount above average for an age group
24
Q
What is the sordid past of Canada during the eugenics movement and the misuse of an IQ test?
A
• Henry Godard translated it to English
• Used to test new immigrants who could not speak English and therefore scores were low and was used to say the were inferior
• Godard adapted it for adults without knowing how it applied, made pretty much everyone out to be disabled, included the mayor…oops
• Eugenics
o Movement in early 20th century to improve a population’s genetic stock
o Coined by Sir Francis Galton
o Positive eugenics encouraging those with good genes to reproduce
o Negative eugenics discouraging those with bad genes from preproducing
• Resulted in hierarchy of immigration status constructed to encourage those of higher status to move into Canada and US
• Many provinces required sterilization of low IQ individuals
25
What is the IQ test done today for adults?
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• Created by David Wechsler
• Consists of 15 subtests designed to assess mental abilities
• Yields several scores
o Overall IQ score
o Verbal comprehension
o Perceptual reasoning
o Working memory
o Processing speed
• Scores are compared with norms
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26
What is the IQ test performed on children?
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
• Version of the WAIS adapted for older children and adolescents
Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scall of Intelligence (WPPSI)
• Version of the WAIS adapted for younger children aged 2.5 – 7 years old
27
What is a culture-fair IQ test?
• Abstract reasoning measure that does not depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
28
What are SATs and how do they correlate to IQ?
* Designed to test overall competence in a specific domain or predict academic success
* SATs highly correlated to IQ
29
What is the validity of IQ scores?
• Correlation between IQ and job performance higher in more mentally demanding occupations
Can be concurrent or predictive
30
What is concurrent validity?
* Ability to relate to outcomes measured at the same time
| * Correlate moderate to highly with other IQ tests given during the same session
31
What is predictive validity?
* Ability to forecast future outcomes
| * Decent job predicting academic success
32
How does IQ fit on a bell curve?
* IQ fits fairly well to a bell curve
| * Small bump at the low end indicating more very low IQ than expected
33
What is assortative mating?
* Tendency of individuals with similar genes to have likely to have children
* May account for more very low IQ than expected
34
What are the 3 criteria for intellectual disability?
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o Onset prior to adulthood
o IQ below about 70
o Inadequate adaptive functioning
Assessed by difficulties
• Dressing and feeding oneself
• Communicating with others
• Basic life skills
• Gullible and easily taken advantage of
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35
How may intellectual disability be categorized as? What are the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability?
• Categorized as mild, moderate, severe, and profound
• Mild may be streamlined into regular classes but still have deficits in adaptive functioning
• The more severe, the less likely it is to run in families and more likely genetic or accidents during birth
• Most common causes
o Down syndrome
Mosaics have only some cells with the extra chromosomes and more normal IQ
o Fragile X syndrome
36
Who are considered the highly gifted?
• Top 2% of IQ eligible to become members of Mensa
• Evidence shows
o Highly gifted often do not suffer burnout as adults
o Slightly lower rates of mental illness than the general population
37
What have family studies taught us about genetic influences of intelligence?
* Show IQ runs in family
* Relatives achieving intellectual greatness declines with biological distance from the intelligent individual being studied
38
What have twin studies taught us about genetic influences of intelligence?
• Identical twins significantly more likely to both be intelligent than fraternal twins but not a perfect correlation so there has to be more to the story
o Identical twins raised apart still very similar in IQ
• Definitely genetic link but verbal intelligence better explained by environmental factors
• Findings in low-income homes suggests environmental deprivation can swamp genetics
39
What have adoption studies taught us about genetic influences of intelligence?
* Young, adopted children often have IQ similar to adoptive parents
* Adopted child often shows IQ similar to biological parents as they get older suggesting genetic involvement
* Children adopted from deprived environments into enriched ones show clear contribution of environmental factors
40
What may happen to those who believe IQ is fixed rather than those who believe it is flexible after failing?
• People who think IQ is fixed tend to give up and get discouraged, if they think its flexible, they tend to be persistent after failing
41
What do we know about family structures environmental influences of intelligence?
* Children of larger families have slightly lower IQ than those of smaller families
* Fathers positive parental control correlated with decreased behavioral issues and increased IQ
42
What do we know about educational environmental influences of intelligence?
• Increased IQ correlated with increased years of studying
• Students who drop out have decreased IQ than those that continued, even if they started the same
• Children enrolled in early enrichment
o Increase in IQ during program but typically don’t continue after program ends
o Leads to fewer drop out rates and decreased risk of being held back
• Expecting a child to have high IQ can be self fulfilling but only works for teachers who don’t know the students well
43
What do we know about how poverty influences intelligence?
* Very poor children may have cumulative deficit – a decrease in IQ over time
* Prolonged malnourishment can lead to decreased IQ
* Poor are increased likely to be exposed to lead leading to intellectual deficits
44
What is the Flynn effect? What may be causing it? What have we seen in recent years?
• Finding that average IQ scores rising at a rate of about 3 points/decade
o Genetics isn’t this fast so likely environmental
• May be result of
o Being better and more experienced at taking tests
o Technology causes us to process more information than previous generations
o Better nutrition
o Smaller families so parents devote more time/child
o Parents have increased access to intellectual resources
o Average child spends increased time in school
• New evidence that it may be ending or reversing
45
How do men and women differ in their IQ and mental abilities?
• Average IQ between men and women about the same
• Men are more variable in scores than women
• Similar in most abilities
• Women do better at some verbal tasks
o Cycle day may play a role but not replicated
• Men do better at spatial ability
• Men tend to be better with man involved in complicated reasoning
46
What might account for some causes in the differences between men and women's mental abilities?
* May be due to hormones or rooted in genetics
* May be due to different problem-solving strategies
* Women are getting more into hard sciences so it may have been social issues
47
What are the racial differences in IQ and what may explain these differences?
* Bigger variability within race than between races
* Differences between can be largely explained by socioeconomic, demographic, and health related variables
* Social deprivation and prejudice may also play a part
48
What is within group heritability?
• Extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
49
What is between group heritability?
• Extent to which the variability of a trait between groups is genetically influenced
50
What is test bias?
* Tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
* Evidence shows IQ tests not biased
* May receive lower scores due to social bias that has held them back
51
What is the stereotype threat?
* Fear we may conform a negative group stereotype
* Self fulfilling prophecy, we think, therefore we are
* Stress can impede performance
52
What is emotional intelligence?
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
• Ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and applying it to our daily life
• Some contend it is just a mix of personality traits
o No correlation between traits
53
What are the results of an increased EQ?
o Seek to make world a better place
o Seek to make their world a better place
o Make better liars
54
What are the results of a decreased EQ?
o Prone to psych issues like depression and substance abuse
55
Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of
general intelligence and specific abilities.
56
A test that is classified as a “valid” measure is one that
measures what it is intended to measure.
57
According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is related to “book smarts”?
analytical intelligence
58
Studies of changes in intelligence as a function of aging suggest that:
Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age in adults but crystallized intelligence does not
59
Rosenthal’s “rapid bloomers” study demonstrated that
teacher expectations of students’ higher intelligence led to higher academic performance.
60
Which type of intelligence has been moderately and positively associated with the personality trait of openness to experience?
crystallized
61
Techniques like brainstorming, where you think up as many different solutions or options as possible in a short amount of time, are associated with which aspect of intelligence?
Divergent thinking
62
Which environmental factor is associated with higher performance IQ scores, as well as fewer behavioural problems?
having a father involved in your upbringing
63
A test is said to be reliable if
a person’s score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it.
64
Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. What is his mental age?
(mental age/chronological age) x 100 = IQ
Nine
65
Which of the following is a common criticism of Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children?
It lacked a control group of non-gifted children.
66
A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympics skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one's emotions is a plus because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner's types of intelligences, which two should be the focus of their search?
Bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal
67
Kyana is an excellent salesperson because she can always find a way of connecting with a potential client. Based on this information, in which kind of intelligence would Howard Gardner expect Kyana to be high?
Interpersonal
68
A theory of intelligence with eight components was postulated by
Gardner
69
Which of these is a criterion of the formal definition of intellectual disability?
IQ below 70
70
According to Spearman, it is one’s __________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests.
general
71
Zoe wants to test the IQ of a group of students who do not speak any English. What test might you recommend to her?
Raven's Progressive Matrices
72
Research on intelligence testing across different cultures has indicated that if tasks (i.e., reproducing visual patterns) are conducted using a medium that is familiar within the background culture of each test-taker, then
scores tend to be similar across cultures.
73
Brenda was asked to name four Canadian prime ministers as one of her questions on the WAIS. This question falls under the category of
information.
74
What did Terman’s groundbreaking longitudinal study of gifted children accomplish?
It contradicted the idea that child prodigies “burn out” in adulthood.
75
What is divergent thinking?
* Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
* Tests of this often used to measure creativity
* Outside of the box thinking
* Creativity shown as novel and successful
76
What is convergent thinking?
• Capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
77
Talia did very well in university. What does that predict about her intelligence test score?
In general, high IQ is associated with good university performance but we don’t know for sure what Talia’s score will be.
78
Scenario: This week, Talia is completing a series of aptitude tests as part of the application process for a new job. In addition to having a degree, this position requires a series of interviews and completion of a whole array of tests. She always did well on her university exams, because she could study for them. These tests are totally different! The first test had several different parts. Some of the questions tested her basic knowledge, like the vocabulary items and some of the arithmetic questions. Most of the questions are more like puzzles, though, and some of them were timed. She has to make decisions about pictures, find patterns, and one of the sections even used a set of coloured blocks. The second test was all about social situations, and asked her what she would do or asked how people would feel in those situations. Talia has no idea how well she did on the tests, but most of the questions were fun to think about!
What was likely being tested using the second test that Talia completed?
Emotional Intelligence or EQ.
79
Scenario: This week, Talia is completing a series of aptitude tests as part of the application process for a new job. In addition to having a degree, this position requires a series of interviews and completion of a whole array of tests. She always did well on her university exams, because she could study for them. These tests are totally different! The first test had several different parts. Some of the questions tested her basic knowledge, like the vocabulary items and some of the arithmetic questions. Most of the questions are more like puzzles, though, and some of them were timed. She has to make decisions about pictures, find patterns, and one of the sections even used a set of coloured blocks. The second test was all about social situations, and asked her what she would do or asked how people would feel in those situations. Talia has no idea how well she did on the tests, but most of the questions were fun to think about!
Of the questions on the first test, which ones are most likely to have some bias associated with them?
Vocabulary questions.
80
Scenario: This week, Talia is completing a series of aptitude tests as part of the application process for a new job. In addition to having a degree, this position requires a series of interviews and completion of a whole array of tests. She always did well on her university exams, because she could study for them. These tests are totally different! The first test had several different parts. Some of the questions tested her basic knowledge, like the vocabulary items and some of the arithmetic questions. Most of the questions are more like puzzles, though, and some of them were timed. She has to make decisions about pictures, find patterns, and one of the sections even used a set of coloured blocks. The second test was all about social situations, and asked her what she would do or asked how people would feel in those situations. Talia has no idea how well she did on the tests, but most of the questions were fun to think about!
If Talia scores well on both of these tests, what does that predict about her success on the job?
High IQ and high EQ both predict job success, so while it isn’t guaranteed that she’ll be a good fit her test scores would help her get the job.
81
Scenario: This week, Talia is completing a series of aptitude tests as part of the application process for a new job. In addition to having a degree, this position requires a series of interviews and completion of a whole array of tests. She always did well on her university exams, because she could study for them. These tests are totally different! The first test had several different parts. Some of the questions tested her basic knowledge, like the vocabulary items and some of the arithmetic questions. Most of the questions are more like puzzles, though, and some of them were timed. She has to make decisions about pictures, find patterns, and one of the sections even used a set of coloured blocks. The second test was all about social situations, and asked her what she would do or asked how people would feel in those situations. Talia has no idea how well she did on the tests, but most of the questions were fun to think about!
Given the range of questions on the first test, which of the following intelligence tests was most likely used?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
82
Approximately what percentage of IQ scores fall between 70 and 130?
95
83
Bonnie studied car mechanics in high school and spent a lot of time helping out at her dad's garage. Her ability to replace a blown gasket relies primarily on her _________ intelligence.
Crystallized
84
Vocabulary tests primarily measure ________________ intelligence.
Crystallized
85
Alfred Binet is one of the people that designed the first __________ test.
intelligence
86
Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group?
WAIS-IV
87
IQ tests for infants and very young children tend to measure __________, while adult IQ tests tend to measure __________.
sensory skills; abstract reasoning
88
__________ refers to the value of each person’s IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group.
Deviation IQ
89
Having a high IQ doesn’t always guarantee success. In fact, exceptional career success in music or sports is best predicted by
amount of practice.
90
Studies of young adopted children generally find a closer relationship between the IQs of adopted children and their
Biological parents
91
Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common?
Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
92
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Which of the following is one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?
A) Linguistic
B) Practical
C) Spatial
D) Existential
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B
93
How is IQ calculated today, for adults?
The individual's score is compared with norms, based on the score of many other adults of the same age
94
Which of the following is associated with more persistence on mental tasks, and better performance on those tasks?
Seeing intelligence as a flexible process.
95
Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the hypothesis that intelligence is associated with the efficiency of the brain?
A) There is a positive correlation between brain volume and intelligence.
B) Intelligent people show less brain activation during practiced tasks.
C) Speedy reaction time is modestly correlated with IQ scores.
D) Albert Einstein’s brain was large in specific areas associated with his skills.
B
96
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Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
A) Poetic
B) Digital
C) Creative
D) Naturalistic
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D
