Internal_Endocrinology Flashcards by EJ Byrne

Main manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1):
A) pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, Leydig-cell testicle tumor
B) pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, pituitary adenoma
C) hyperparathyroidism, pancreas neuroendocrine tumor, pituitary adenoma
D) pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pituitary adenoma
E) hyperparathyroidism, pheochromocytoma, pituitary adenoma

C) hyperparathyroidism, pancreas neuroendocrine tumor, pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The appropriate test to certify acromegaly:
A) investigation of the diurnal rhythm of serum growth hormone (GH) concentration
B) investigation of the serum growth hormone (GH) concentration in morning hours
C) investigation of the serum growth hormone (GH) concentration during oral glucose tolerance test
D) investigation of the serum growth hormone (GH) concentration after administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

C) investigation of the serum growth hormone (GH) concentration during oral glucose tolerance test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 It is characteristic for subclinical primary hypothyroidism:
A) clinical signs of hypothyroidism with normal serum thyroid hormone levels
B) the hormone levels refer to primary hypothyroidism without clinical signs
C) low free T4 and free T3 levels with normal serum TSH
D) normal free T4 and free T3 levels with elevated serum TSH

D) normal free T4 and free T3 levels with elevated serum TSH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary therapy of prolactin-producing pituitary microadenoma:
A) pituitary surgery
B) pituitary irradiation
C) treatment with dopamine agonist
D) treatment with dopamine antagonist
E) treatment with somatostatin analogue

C) treatment with dopamine agonist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In case of a patient receiving thyroid hormone substitution due to a thyroid ablation therapy of papillary thyroid carcinoma, laboratory results show a suppression of TSH level and normal free T4 and free T3 levels. Is it necessary to modify the dose of the thyroid hormone substitution (l-thyroxin)?
A) the dose of l-thyroxin is appropriate, no modification is needed
B) reduction of the daily dose of l-thyroxin is necessary due to the suppressed TSH
C) increase of the daily dose of l-thyroxin is necessary due to the suppressed TSH
D) no modification of the dose of l-thyroxin is needed, but we shall give thyreostatics in addition

A) the dose of l-thyroxin is appropriate, no modification is needed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

We can use it as a serum marker of medullary thyroid carcinoma:
A) investigation of serum thyreoglobulin
B) investigation of serum calcitonin
C) investigation of serum osteocalcin
D) investigation of serum parathyroid hormone

B) investigation of serum calcitonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocrine disorders causing diarrhea, except:
A) medullary thyroid carcinoma
B) gastrinoma
C) carcinoid tumor
D) pheochromocytoma

D) pheochromocytoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The appropriate test for the clarification of Cushing’s syndrome, except:
A) investigation of 24 hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion
B) investigation of serum cortisol after administration of low dose dexamethasone
C) investigation of the diurnal rhythm of serum cortisol
D) investigation of serum cortisol in morning hours
E) investigation of the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol

D) investigation of serum cortisol in morning hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Radioiodine treatment can be used against the following diseases, except:
A) after the surgery of papillary thyroid carcinoma
B) after the surgery of follicular thyroid carcinoma
C) after the surgery of medullary thyroid carcinoma
D) autonomous thyroid nodule causing hyperthyroidism
E) Graves’ disease

C) after the surgery of medullary thyroid carcinoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is characteristic for primary aldosteronism:
A) suppression of plasma renin and high plasma aldosteron
B) high plasma renin and high plasma aldosteron
C) normal plasma renin and high plasma aldosteron
D) high plasma aldosteron, plasma renin is not relevant

A) suppression of plasma renin and high plasma aldosteron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In case of a patient with pituitary macroadenoma, double vision evolved. What can be the reason for that?
A) suprasellar spread of the pituitary macroadenoma
B) lateral spread of the pituitary macroadenoma to the cavernous sinus
C) downward spread of the pituitary macroadenoma and penetration into the sphenoid sinus
D) there is no connection between the pituitary macroadenoma and the double vision

B) lateral spread of the pituitary macroadenoma to the cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is characteristic for the lack of growth hormone (GH) in adults, except:
A) it is associated with unfavorable lipid profile
B) it is associated with increased water content of the body and water retention
C) it is associated with unfavorable fat/muscle mass ratio
D) it is associated with weakness and discomfort

B) it is associated with increased water content of the body and water retention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diseases with polyuria, except:
A) primary aldosteronism
B) primary hyperparathyroidism
C) diabetes insipidus
D) diabetes mellitus
E) SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)

E) SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It can be the cause of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults:
A) pituitary tumor
B) skull trauma
C) radiotherapy
D) pituitary apoplexia
E) all of the above

E) all of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diseases with hirsutism, except:
A) Cushing’s disease
B) hypopituitarism
C) polycystic ovary syndrome
D) 21-hydroxylase deficiency form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

B) hypopituitarism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hereditary tumor syndromes with pheochromocytoma:
1) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome
2) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
3) neurofibromatosis type 1
4) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all four answers are correct

A) answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

1) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome
2) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
3) neurofibromatosis type 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which are tumor suppressor genes of the followings?
1) RET
2) MEN1 (menin protein encoding gene)
3) RAS
4) VHL
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

C) answers 2. and 4. are correct

2) MEN1 (menin protein encoding gene)
4) VHL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It may be a symptom of Graves’ disease:
1) diarrhea
2) tachycardia
3) pretibial myxedema
4) fine hand tremor
A) answers 1., 2. and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

1) diarrhea
2) tachycardia
3) pretibial myxedema
4) fine hand tremor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which are glicoprotein hormones of the followings?
1) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
2) LH (luteinizing hormone)
3) hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
4) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

1) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
2) LH (luteinizing hormone)
3) hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
4) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which tumors are associated with elevated serum chromogranin A concentration?
1) carcinoid tumor
2) gastrinoma
3) pheochromocytoma
4) insulinoma
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

1) carcinoid tumor
2) gastrinoma
3) pheochromocytoma
4) insulinoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Applicable treatment in thyrotoxic crisis:
1) thyrostatics
2) iodine preparation
3) beta-adrenergic receptor blocker
4) plasmapheresis
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct

1) thyrostatics
2) iodine preparation
3) beta-adrenergic receptor blocker
4) plasmapheresis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typical in subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain’s thyroiditis):
1) it is associated with the painful swelling of the thyroid gland and fever
2) it is common cause of permanent (definitive) primary hypothyroidism
3) ESR is elevated
4) it often recurs after healing
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all four answers are correct

B) answers 1. and 3. are correct

1) it is associated with the painful swelling of the thyroid gland and fever
3) ESR is elevated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In case of differentiated thyroid cancer radioiodine ablation
1) is applicable after total (near total) thyroidectomy
2) is applicable instead of total (near total) thyroidectomy
3) the condition of its application is high serum TSH level (that can be achieved by the discontinuation of thyroid supplementation for a certain time in patients receiving thyroid supplementation, or the administration of TSH product)
4) is applicable before total (near total) thyroidectomy
A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4 is correct
E) all four answers are correct

B) answers 1. and 3. are correct

1) is applicable after total (near total) thyroidectomy
3) the condition of its application is high serum TSH level (that can be achieved by the discontinuation of thyroid supplementation for a certain time in patients receiving thyroid supplementation, or the administration of TSH product)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which diseases are associated with hyponatremia?
1) SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
2) diabetes insipidus
3) Addison’s disease
4) primary aldosteronism
A) answers 1., 2., and 3. are correct
B) answers 1. and 3. are correct
C) answers 2. and 4. are correct
D) only answer 4. is correct
E) all four answers are correct

B) answers 1. and 3. are correct

1) SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
3) Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The injury of the thirst center of the hypothalamus may cause primary adipsia. What are the characteristics of this? 1) hypernatremia, that leads to severe neurological symptoms 2) antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) overdosage can be one of its causes 3) its treatment can be water administration through a nasogastric tube 4) its long-term prognosis is usually good, because other regulating systems may compensate the role of the thirst center A) answers 1., 2. and 3. are correct B) answers 1. and 3. are correct C) answers 2. and 4. are correct D) only answer 4. is correct E) all of the answers are correct

B) answers 1. and 3. are correct 1) hypernatremia, that leads to severe neurological symptoms 3) its treatment can be water administration through a nasogastric tube

It is common in acromegaly: 1) diabetes mellitus 2) hypertension 3) sleep apnoea 4) osteoarthrosis A) answers 1., 2. and 3. are correct B) answers 1. and 3. are correct C) answers 2. and 4. are correct D) only answer 4. is correct E) all of the answers are correct

E) all of the answers are correct 1) diabetes mellitus 2) hypertension 3) sleep apnoea 4) osteoarthrosis

Which form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with hypertension and hypokalemia? 1) steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency 2) 11β-hydroxylase deficiency 3) defect of the gene encoding STAR protein (steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein) 4) 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase enzyme deficiency A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct B) answers 1. and 3. are correct C) answers 2. and 4. are correct D) only answer 4 is correct E) all four answers are correct

C) answers 2. and 4. are correct 2) 11β-hydroxylase deficiency 4) 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase enzyme deficiency

. It is typical in Turner syndrome: 1) the syndrome is caused by the total absence of an X chromosome, thus the karyotype of these patients is always 45X 2) apart from the typical features (short stature, pterygium colli, low posterior hairline, low-set ears, short metatarsus, cubitus valgus) cardial and renal malformations are often associated 3) the cause of the typical primary amenorrhea is the decreased LH and FSH production of the pituitary 4) in childhood for the treatment of short stature growth hormone (GH) products are applicable A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct B) answers 1. and 3. are correct C) answers 2. and 4. are correct D) only answer 4 is correct E) all four answers are correct

C) answers 2. and 4. are correct 2) apart from the typical features (short stature, pterygium colli, low posterior hairline, low-set ears, short metatarsus, cubitus valgus) cardial and renal malformations are often associated 4) in childhood for the treatment of short stature growth hormone (GH) products are applicable

It is typical in Klinefelter syndrome: 1) the syndrome is caused by an extra X chromosome, therefore the karyotype of these patients is always 47,XXY 2) apart from the typical external features (tall stature, signs of hypogonadism, gynecomastia, obesity, small testicles) the elevated risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease is also common 3) the cause of the hypogonadism typical for the disease is the decreased LH and FSH production of the pituitary 4) hypogonadism associated with the disease can be treated with testosterone products A) answers 1., 2., and 3 are correct B) answers 1. and 3. are correct C) answers 2. and 4. are correct D) only answer 4 is correct

C) answers 2. and 4. are correct 2) apart from the typical external features (tall stature, signs of hypogonadism, gynecomastia, obesity, small testicles) the elevated risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease is also common 4) hypogonadism associated with the disease can be treated with testosterone products

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with letters) that it is most associated with! polyuria A) diabetes insipidus B) Cushing’s disease C) Klinefelter syndrome D) panhypopituitarism

A) diabetes insipidus

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with letters) that it is most associated with! scant body hair A) diabetes insipidus B) Cushing’s disease C) Klinefelter syndrome D) panhypopituitarism

C) Klinefelter syndrome D) panhypopituitarism

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with letters) that it is most associated with! tall stature A) diabetes insipidus B) Cushing’s disease C) Klinefelter syndrome D) panhypopituitarism

C) Klinefelter syndrome

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with letters) that it is most associated with! round, “moon” face A) diabetes insipidus B) Cushing’s disease C) Klinefelter syndrome D) panhypopituitarism

B) Cushing’s disease

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with capital letters) that it is most associated with! hypogonadism A) Kallmann syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) severe untreated primary hypothyroidism D) severe untreated hypoparathyroidism

A) Kallmann syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with capital letters) that it is most associated with! pericardial effusion A) Kallmann syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) severe untreated primary hypothyroidism D) severe untreated hypoparathyroidism

C) severe untreated primary hypothyroidism

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with capital letters) that it is most associated with! anosmia A) Kallmann syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) severe untreated primary hypothyroidism D) severe untreated hypoparathyroidism

A) Kallmann syndrome

Connect the various symptoms (indicated with numbers) with the disease (indicated with capital letters) that it is most associated with! tetany A) Kallmann syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) severe untreated primary hypothyroidism D) severe untreated hypoparathyroidism

D) severe untreated hypoparathyroidism

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! bromocriptine A) secondary hyperaldosteronism B) carcinoid tumor C) prolactin producin pituitary adenome D) central diabetes insipidus

C) prolactin producin pituitary adenome

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! spironolactone A) secondary hyperaldosteronism B) carcinoid tumor C) prolactin producin pituitary adenome D) central diabetes insipidus

A) secondary hyperaldosteronism

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! octreotide (somatostatin-analogue) A) secondary hyperaldosteronism B) carcinoid tumor C) prolactin producin pituitary adenome D) central diabetes insipidus

B) carcinoid tumor

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! desmopressin A) secondary hyperaldosteronism B) carcinoid tumor C) prolactin producin pituitary adenome D) central diabetes insipidus

D) central diabetes insipidus

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! proton pump inhibitor A) adrenocortical carcinome B) gastrinoma C) acromegaly D) Addison’s disease

B) gastrinoma

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! mitotane A) adrenocortical carcinome B) gastrinoma C) acromegaly D) Addison’s disease

A) adrenocortical carcinome

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! fludrocortisone A) adrenocortical carcinome B) gastrinoma C) acromegaly D) Addison’s disease

D) Addison’s disease

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate treatment (labelled with numbers)! pegvisomant A) adrenocortical carcinome B) gastrinoma C) acromegaly D) Addison’s disease

C) acromegaly

Connect the diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate diagnostic serum- and urine parameters (indicated with numbers)! TRAK (TSH receptor antibody A) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis B) carcinoid tumor C) Graves’ disease D) hypercalcaemia associated with malignant diseases

C) Graves’ disease

Connect the diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate diagnostic serum- and urine parameters (indicated with numbers)! parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-RP) A) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis B) carcinoid tumor C) Graves’ disease D) hypercalcaemia associated with malignant diseases

D) hypercalcaemia associated with malignant diseases

Connect the diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate diagnostic serum- and urine parameters (indicated with numbers)! anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase antibody) A) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis B) carcinoid tumor C) Graves’ disease D) hypercalcaemia associated with malignant diseases

A) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Connect the diseases (indicated with letters) with the most appropriate diagnostic serum- and urine parameters (indicated with numbers)! 24-hour urine 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) A) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis B) carcinoid tumor C) Graves’ disease D) hypercalcaemia associated with malignant diseases

B) carcinoid tumor

Connect the diseases (indicated with numbers) with the most appropriate diagnostic methods (indicated with letters)! pheochromocytoma A) selective adrenal vein sampling for hormone determination B) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for hormone determination C) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (octreoscan) D) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy

D) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy

Connect the diseases (indicated with numbers) with the most appropriate diagnostic methods (indicated with letters)! Cushing’s disease A) selective adrenal vein sampling for hormone determination B) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for hormone determination C) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (octreoscan) D) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy

B) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for hormone determination

Connect the diseases (indicated with numbers) with the most appropriate diagnostic methods (indicated with letters)! aldosterone-producing adenoma A) selective adrenal vein sampling for hormone determination B) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for hormone determination C) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (octreoscan) D) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy

A) selective adrenal vein sampling for hormone determination

Connect the diseases (indicated with numbers) with the most appropriate diagnostic methods (indicated with letters)! insulinoma A) selective adrenal vein sampling for hormone determination B) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for hormone determination C) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (octreoscan) D) metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy

C) somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (octreoscan)

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the gene (indicated with numbers) that’s determination is most helpful in the diagnosis! RET (rearranged during transfection gene) A) Carney complex B) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 D) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

B) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the gene (indicated with numbers) that’s determination is most helpful in the diagnosis! MEN1 (menin protein coding gene) A) Carney complex B) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 D) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

C) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the gene (indicated with numbers) that’s determination is most helpful in the diagnosis! VHL (VHL protein coding gene A) Carney complex B) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 D) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

D) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

Connect the various diseases (indicated with letters) with the gene (indicated with numbers) that’s determination is most helpful in the diagnosis! PRKAR1A (protein kinase type I regulatory subunit alpha coding gene) A) Carney complex B) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C) multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 D) von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

A) Carney complex

It is not advised to give beta-adrenergic receptor blocker without alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker to patients suffering from pheochromocytoma, because the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker given alone may provoke a pheochromocytoma crisis through the inhibition of the presynaptic beta2-adrenergic receptor. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship

In contrast to Addison’s disease, secondary adrenal insufficiency presenting as part of panhypopituitarism is rarely treated with mineralocorticoids, because in secondary adrenal insufficiency substantially higher doses of glucocorticoid substitution are used than for Addison’s disease. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect

The biologically active 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D (calcitriol) is produced in the proximal tubule of the kidney, therefore by patients suffering from primary hypoparathyroidism with normal renal function, hypocalcemia can be treated with vitamin D, and there is no indication of the administration of activated vitamin D (calcitriol). A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect

The adult height of patients suffering from the simple virilizing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is above average, because the permanently high level of testosterone during childhood enhances bone development and maturation. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct

Hyperprolactinemia causes hypogonadism, because the increased level of serum prolactin inhibits the secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and pituitary gonadotropins. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship

For patients taking chronic adrenal hormone replacement therapy for Addison’s disease, the daily glucocorticoid dose has to be increased temporarily in case of an infection with high fever, because infectious diseases with fever raise the glucocorticoid demand. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship

Regarding glucocorticoid efficacy, prednisolone has a weaker effect than hydrocortisone, therefore for the chronic hormone replacement therapy of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency the drug of choice is hydrocortisone. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct

Sufficient testosterone replacement for men suffering from panhypopituitarism abolishes hypogonadism and oligospermia/aspermia associated with the disease, because serum testosterone level becomes normal after the introduction of hormone replacement. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct

In women with untreated primary hypothyroidism, besides elevated serum TSH level, high serum prolactin level and consecutive galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome are also typical, because the enhanced thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) due to decreased thyroid function triggers the secretion of both TSH and prolactin. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship

The treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (idiopathic hyperaldosteronism) is not surgical (bilateral adrenalectomy), but medicinal (spironolactone, potassium-sparing diuretics), because after bilateral adrenalectomy performed because of secondary hyperaldosteronism Nelson syndrome (aggressive ACTH-producing adenom A) may evolve. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect

Increased ACTH secretion triggers not only cortisol production, but also adrenal androgen production, therefore in women suffering from adrenocortical carcinoma the symptoms of both Cushing’s syndrome and hyperandrogenism may evolve. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship

For patients with Addison’s disease on chronic adrenal hormone replacement therapy the daily dose of hydrocortisone pill is given in several equally divided amounts in equal time intervals throughout the day, because the aim of the treatment is to sustain a constantly stable, unchanged serum hydrocortisone (i.e. cortisol) level throughout the 24 hours of the day. A) both are correct, with cause-effect relationship B) both are correct, without cause-effect relationship C) the first clause is correct, the second clause is incorrect D) the first clause is incorrect, the second clause is correct E) both are incorrect

E) both are incorrect

Internal_Endocrinology Flashcards

(69 cards)