*Intervention vs Implementation Mapping

Question 1

What is Intervention Mapping (IM)?

Answer 1

A systematic protocol for designing theory- and evidence-based health interventions

Question 2

What is the core aim of Intervention Mapping?

Answer 2

Bridge the gap between theory and real-world practice

Question 3

Why is IM particularly suited for complex health problems?

Answer 3

It integrates multiple determinants across levels and stakeholders

Question 4

What is Implementation Mapping?

Answer 4

A stepwise process to develop and tailor implementation strategies for adoption and sustainment

Question 5

How does Implementation Mapping relate to IM?

Answer 5

It expands IM Step 5 (implementation planning)

Question 6

What is the key difference between IM and Implementation Mapping?

Answer 6

IM designs interventions; Implementation Mapping designs how to implement them

Question 7

What defines a stakeholder?

Answer 7

Any individual or group with an interest or influence in the intervention

Question 8

Why is stakeholder engagement critical?

Answer 8

Ensures relevance

Question 9

Name 3 common stakeholder groups in healthcare interventions

Answer 9

Patients/providers/policymakers

Question 10

What is a practical tool for stakeholder analysis?

Answer 10

Power-interest grid

Question 11

What is the purpose of a power-interest grid?

Answer 11

Prioritize engagement strategies based on influence and interest

Question 12

What is the socio-ecological model?

Answer 12

A framework recognizing behavior is influenced at multiple levels (individual to societal)

Question 13

Why can’t behavior be reduced to the individual level?

Answer 13

Because environmental and social contexts shape behavior

Question 14

What is a key risk of ignoring socio-ecological factors?

Answer 14

Designing interventions that are not implementable

Question 15

What is IM Step 1?

Answer 15

Needs and context assessment

Question 16

What are the two main components of IM Step 1?

Answer 16

Needs assessment and context assessment

Question 17

What framework is commonly used for context assessment?

Answer 17

CFIR (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research)

Question 18

What is the goal of needs assessment?

Answer 18

Identify stakeholder needs and problems

Question 19

Applied: In BiliSG

Answer 19

what is an example of Step 1?

Question 20

What is IM Step 2?

Answer 20

Define outcomes and change objectives

Question 21

What is a change objective?

Answer 21

Specific behavior change required by a specific actor

Question 22

Why must outcomes specify “who changes what”?

Answer 22

Because interventions target actors

Question 23

Applied: In hand hygiene

Answer 23

what is a Step 2 outcome?

Question 24

What is IM Step 3?

Answer 24

Intervention design

Question 25

What are core components?

Answer 25

Essential elements that must be delivered with fidelity

Question 26

What are peripheral components?

Answer 26

Adaptable elements tailored to context

Question 27

Why distinguish core vs peripheral?

Answer 27

To balance fidelity with adaptability

Question 28

What is IM Step 4?

Answer 28

Intervention production

Question 29

What happens in Step 4?

Answer 29

Develop materials and pre-test them

Question 30

Why is pre-testing critical?

Answer 30

Identifies usability and feasibility issues early

Question 31

What is IM Step 5?

Answer 31

Implementation planning

Question 32

What does Step 5 include?

Answer 32

Stakeholder review

Question 33

What is the main risk of skipping Step 5?

Answer 33

Intervention fails despite good design

Question 34

What is IM Step 6?

Answer 34

Evaluation planning

Question 35

What are the two main evaluation types?

Answer 35

Process and outcome evaluation

Question 36

What is process evaluation?

Answer 36

Assess whether intervention was delivered as intended

Question 37

What is outcome evaluation?

Answer 37

Assess whether intervention achieved its goals

Question 38

What is the goal of Implementation Mapping Step 1?

Answer 38

Assess implementation needs

Question 39

What key question is answered in Step 1?

Answer 39

Who adopts

Question 40

Why involve implementers early?

Answer 40

They determine real-world feasibility

Question 41

What is Implementation Mapping Step 2?

Answer 41

Define implementation outcomes and objectives

Question 42

What are implementation outcomes?

Answer 42

Adoption

Question 43

What is a performance objective?

Answer 43

Specific action required for implementation

Question 44

What is Implementation Mapping Step 3?

Answer 44

Select theory-based methods and strategies

Question 45

What are determinants?

Answer 45

Factors influencing behavior (e.g.

Question 46

What is the link between determinants and strategies?

Answer 46

Strategies are chosen to modify determinants

Question 47

What is ERIC?

Answer 47

A taxonomy of implementation strategies

Question 48

Applied: Give one ERIC strategy

Answer 48

Audit and feedback

Question 49

What levels can implementation strategies target?

Answer 49

Individual and organizational

Question 50

Give an individual-level determinant example

Answer 50

Clinician knowledge

Question 51

Give an organizational-level determinant example

Answer 51

Leadership support

Question 52

What is Implementation Mapping Step 4?

Answer 52

Develop implementation materials

Question 53

What must materials specify?

Answer 53

Audience

Question 54

Why is specificity important?

Answer 54

Ensures alignment between theory and practice

Question 55

What is Implementation Mapping Step 5?

Answer 55

Evaluation of implementation

Question 56

What key question does this answer?

Answer 56

Was implementation effective and why?

Question 57

Why evaluate context?

Answer 57

Context determines success or failure

Question 58

What is fidelity?

Answer 58

Degree to which intervention is delivered as intended

Question 59

What is adaptation?

Answer 59

Modification to fit local context

Question 60

Why is fidelity important?

Answer 60

Maintains intervention effectiveness

Question 61

Why is adaptation necessary?

Answer 61

Ensures feasibility in real-world settings

Question 62

What is the key tension in implementation?

Answer 62

Fidelity vs adaptation

Question 63

Advanced: What is “adaptation within fidelity”?

Answer 63

Adapting peripheral components while preserving core components

Question 64

What is an implementation determinant?

Answer 64

A factor influencing implementation success

Question 65

Give 3 examples of determinants

Answer 65

Knowledge/resources/workflow constraints

Question 66

What is a mechanism in intervention design?

Answer 66

The process through which change occurs

Question 67

What is the difference between intervention outcomes and implementation outcomes?

Answer 67

Intervention = health impact; Implementation = delivery success

Question 68

Applied: What is a common barrier in hand hygiene programs?

Answer 68

Low compliance due to workflow disruption

Question 69

Applied: What is a strategy to address this?

Answer 69

Reminders + workflow redesign

Question 70

Applied: What is a determinant in digital health (BiliSG-like)?

Answer 70

Trust in accuracy

Question 71

Applied: What is a strategy for this determinant?

Answer 71

Provide validation data and peer endorsement

Question 72

Applied: Why might a well-designed intervention fail?

Answer 72

Poor implementation strategy

Question 73

Applied: What is an example?

Answer 73

No training or stakeholder buy-in

Question 74

What is a strength of Intervention Mapping?

Answer 74

Strong theoretical grounding

Question 75

What is a limitation of Intervention Mapping?

Answer 75

Time- and resource-intensive

Question 76

What is a strength of Implementation Mapping?

Answer 76

Explicit focus on implementation success

Question 77

What is a limitation of Implementation Mapping?

Answer 77

Complex and requires expertise

Question 78

Advanced: Why is IM considered a “theory-driven” approach?

Answer 78

It explicitly links determinants → methods → outcomes

Question 79

Advanced: What is the risk of non-theory-driven interventions?

Answer 79

Superficial solutions that don’t change behavior

Question 80

Advanced: What is a “logic model of change”?

Answer 80

A structured map linking inputs

Question 81

Advanced: Why is it important?

Answer 81

Ensures causal clarity

Question 82

Advanced: What is a “team sport” in implementation?

Answer 82

Multi-stakeholder collaboration required for success

Question 83

Advanced: Why is this critical?

Answer 83

No single actor controls implementation

Question 84

Advanced: What is the biggest failure mode in implementation science?

Answer 84

Designing interventions without considering context