Intro Perception & Chemical Senses Flashcards
(147 cards)
0
Q
What is sensation?
A
Ability to detect a stimulus. Physiological response to a stimulus
1
Q
What is perception
A
Psychologically based. While processing it you are Giving meaning to a detected stimulus
2
Q
Perception defines our experience of
A
Reality
3
Q
We perceive signals in our environment which are important to our…
A
Survival
4
Q
Perception is a product of…
A
Evolution
5
Q
Psychophysics is
A
How ppl perceive different sensations
6
Q
Most important motivation for development of psychophysics is…
A
Perception seems very subjective
7
Q
How do we measure perception?
A
Absolute thresholds
Signal detection
8
Q
Absolute threshold (psychophysics)
A
What is the outer limit of our perception? Smallest intensity of a stimulus that can be physically detected.
9
Q
Standard measure of absolute threshold is:
A
50% of time person can detect a stimulus
10
Q
Can see a candle flame a bit less than…
A
50km away
11
Q
Can hear a ticking watch up to…
A
6 meters away with no other noise
12
Q
Can detect a tilt less than
A
1/2 a minute on a clock face (vestibular)
13
Q
Can taste ………. Of sugar in 8 litres of water
A
A teaspoon
14
Q
Can smell ………….. Of perfume in 3 rooms
A
A drop
15
Q
Can feel the wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a height of…..
A
10cms
16
Q
How to separate sensitivity from a biased response?
A
Using signal detection
17
Q
Just noticeable difference JND
A
Smallest difference before being noticed. Three lines.
18
Q
Signal detection measurement
A
Lines that are the same in the testing… As well as different lines.
19
Q
Signal detection. If a person is biased to saying “yes” a lot. They will have a lot of……..in their testing results
A
‘False alarms’
20
Q
Signal detection. If a person is highly biased to saying ‘no’ they will be more………..in their test results.
A
Misses
21
Q
Webers law
A
People’s perceptions may differ depending on what the object actually is. JND will be more for an object that is lighter as opposed to a heavy object. Sensitivity decreases when objects get heavier.
22
Q
Fechners law (after webber)
A
Same as weber but he put it in a mathematical equation. JND btwn two objects that have smaller intensity will increase quickly as the weight increases.
23
Q
Stevens power law
A
Intensity of Sensations measured in relation to a specific stimulus.
24
Stevens power law and pain
Electric shock. Rating it in terms of magnitude. Estimations of sensation increased hugely as small voltage increases happened.
25
Stevens power law and light detection
As the light brightness increased sensitivity (%) was reduced - couldn't detect big changes.
26
Sensory stimuli depends on...
What is means for you/how it affects you.
27
Different reactions to different stimulus related to different sensory modalities that has an....
Evolutionary basis
28
Are people's sensations the same?
No
29
Cross-modality matching
Used to determine whether people's sensations of stimuli intensity is similar or not. Match sound to another modality (ie sound with corresponding with colour intensity)
30
The 2 chemical senses are
Taste
| Smell
31
Smell is
Olfaction
32
Taste is called
Gustation
33
Taste and smell called chemical senses because...
Involve the detection of chemicals
34
Smell detects chemicals in the
Air
35
Chemicals in the air we detect are called
Odourants
36
Odourant Air chemicals need to be one of 3 things:
Volatile to float in air
Small enough to detect
Needs to be water repellent
37
We can't detect:
Carbon dioxide
38
The centre of smell detection is at the...
Olfactory epithelium
39
Olfactory epithelium contains
Olfactory receptor cells or sensory neurons OSN
40
How many Olfactory Sensory neurons OSN do we have?
20 million
41
How many different types of Olfactory sensory neurons OSN do we have?
350-400
42
Each smell actives a few types of different...
OSNs
43
Once OSNs are activated the signals then go to the...
Glomeruli
44
What is glomeruli?
First stage of processing. Cells that coordinate info from OSNs. Pass info on to other cells and eventually to the olfactory cortex in the brain
45
Olfactory cortex is buried deep inside the
Temporal lobe
46
Unique characteristics of odour perception...
- OSN are very slow to reach the brain
- Depends on past experience with smell
- odour hedonics (preference) largely learnt
- smell disconnected from language
47
Reaction to smells can be in a very
Physical/primal level. Which past experience shaping our perception.
48
Smells can trigger
Memories
49
Smells produce more
Emotionally intense memories
50
Memories triggered by odours activate the ...... More than memories cued by other senses
Amygdala
51
Amygdala
Emotional learning
52
Factors that affect our sense if smell
```
Genetics
Experience
Cultural norms
Gender
Age
```
53
Anosmia
Inability to smell
54
Specific anosmia
Maybe just one thing you can't smell
55
Global anosmia
No smell
56
Pheromones
Chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioural response in another member of same species. Way of communicating.
57
Pigs use pheromones as
Sexual communication
58
Androsterone
A steroid found in both male and female sweat and urine
59
Humans cannot voluntarily secrete ...... In order to communicate
Smells
60
Chemosignals are
Chemicals released by humans detectable by olfactory system. Effect behaviour, mood, hormonal status, sexual arousal of other ppl
61
Difference btwn pheromones and chemosigmals:
- do not secrete chemosignals for communication
| - response caused by chemosignals to other ppl is not reliable
62
Pheromones in animal produce more.....responses in the other animal
Reliable
63
Flavour is a combination of
Taste and smell
64
2 kinds of ways we smell
Incoming air breathed through nostrils
| Retro nasal olfactory sensations
65
Retronasal olfactory sensations
Chewing food releases chemicals that dissolve in air in mouth travel up the palate to olfactory bulb as backwards them forwards to bulb
66
Without smell ability to identify foods by taste is
Poor
67
The more the intense the food the (ie coffee, chocolate)
Less likely ppl could identify it without smell
68
Four basic tastes are:
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
69
Preferences for taste are
Quite innate
70
Umami
The fifth basic taste. Delicious savoury taste
71
Smells can trigger
Memories
72
Smells produce more
Emotionally intense memories
73
Memories triggered by odours activate the ...... More than memories cued by other senses
Amygdala
74
Amygdala
Emotional learning
75
Factors that affect our sense if smell
```
Genetics
Experience
Cultural norms
Gender
Age
```
76
Anosmia
Inability to smell
77
Specific anosmia
Maybe just one thing you can't smell
78
Global anosmia
No smell
79
Pheromones
Chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioural response in another member of same species. Way of communicating.
80
Pigs use pheromones as
Sexual communication
81
Androsterone
A steroid found in both male and female sweat and urine
82
Humans cannot voluntarily secrete ...... In order to communicate
Smells
83
Chemosignals are
Chemicals released by humans detectable by olfactory system. Effect behaviour, mood, hormonal status, sexual arousal of other ppl
84
Difference btwn pheromones and chemosigmals:
- do not secrete chemosignals for communication
| - response caused by chemosignals to other ppl is not reliable
85
Pheromones in animal produce more.....responses in the other animal
Reliable
86
Flavour is a combination of
Taste and smell
87
2 kinds of ways we smell
Incoming air breathed through nostrils
| Retro nasal olfactory sensations
88
Retronasal olfactory sensations
Chewing food releases chemicals that dissolve in air in mouth travel up the palate to olfactory bulb as backwards them forwards to bulb
89
Without smell ability to identify foods by taste is
Poor
90
The more the intense the food the (ie coffee, chocolate)
Less likely ppl could identify it without smell
91
Four basic tastes are:
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
92
Preferences for taste are
Quite innate
93
Umami
The fifth basic taste. Delicious savoury taste
94
Smells can trigger
Memories
95
Smells produce more
Emotionally intense memories
96
Memories triggered by odours activate the ...... More than memories cued by other senses
Amygdala
97
Amygdala
Emotional learning
98
Factors that affect our sense if smell
```
Genetics
Experience
Cultural norms
Gender
Age
```
99
Anosmia
Inability to smell
100
Specific anosmia
Maybe just one thing you can't smell
101
Global anosmia
No smell
102
Pheromones
Chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioural response in another member of same species. Way of communicating.
103
Pigs use pheromones as
Sexual communication
104
Androsterone
A steroid found in both male and female sweat and urine
105
Humans cannot voluntarily secrete ...... In order to communicate
Smells
106
Chemosignals are
Chemicals released by humans detectable by olfactory system. Effect behaviour, mood, hormonal status, sexual arousal of other ppl
107
Difference btwn pheromones and chemosigmals:
- do not secrete chemosignals for communication
| - response caused by chemosignals to other ppl is not reliable
108
Pheromones in animal produce more.....responses in the other animal
Reliable
109
Flavour is a combination of
Taste and smell
110
2 kinds of ways we smell
Incoming air breathed through nostrils
| Retro nasal olfactory sensations
111
Retronasal olfactory sensations
Chewing food releases chemicals that dissolve in air in mouth travel up the palate to olfactory bulb as backwards them forwards to bulb
112
Without smell ability to identify foods by taste is
Poor
113
The more the intense the food the (ie coffee, chocolate)
Less likely ppl could identify it without smell
114
Four basic tastes are:
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
115
Preferences for taste are
Quite innate
116
Umami
The fifth basic taste. Delicious savoury taste
117
Smells can trigger
Memories
118
Smells produce more
Emotionally intense memories
119
Memories triggered by odours activate the ...... More than memories cued by other senses
Amygdala
120
Amygdala
Emotional learning
121
Factors that affect our sense if smell
```
Genetics
Experience
Cultural norms
Gender
Age
```
122
Anosmia
Inability to smell
123
Specific anosmia
Maybe just one thing you can't smell
124
Global anosmia
No smell
125
Pheromones
Chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a physiological or behavioural response in another member of same species. Way of communicating.
126
Pigs use pheromones as
Sexual communication
127
Androsterone
A steroid found in both male and female sweat and urine
128
Humans cannot voluntarily secrete ...... In order to communicate
Smells
129
Chemosignals are
Chemicals released by humans detectable by olfactory system. Effect behaviour, mood, hormonal status, sexual arousal of other ppl
130
Difference btwn pheromones and chemosigmals:
- do not secrete chemosignals for communication
| - response caused by chemosignals to other ppl is not reliable
131
Pheromones in animal produce more.....responses in the other animal
Reliable
132
Flavour is a combination of
Taste and smell
133
2 kinds of ways we smell
Incoming air breathed through nostrils
| Retro nasal olfactory sensations
134
Retronasal olfactory sensations
Chewing food releases chemicals that dissolve in air in mouth travel up the palate to olfactory bulb as backwards them forwards to bulb
135
Without smell ability to identify foods by taste is
Poor
136
The more the intense the food the (ie coffee, chocolate)
Less likely ppl could identify it without smell
137
Four basic tastes are:
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Sweet
138
Preferences for taste are
Quite innate
139
Umami
The fifth basic taste. Delicious savoury taste
140
What three things can tell us where sound is coming from?
Interaural time difference
Interaural level difference
Head and Pinna cues
141
Our brain can calculate the difference how fast each ear is receiving the info.....this is called
Interaural time difference
142
Our brain can tell how loud each ear detects the stimulus.... This is called
Interaural level difference
143
For there to be maximum Interaural time difference the sound would need to be coming
Directly to the left or right
144
Where would the sound have to be located for there to be no Interaural time difference?
Directly in front or behind you
145
Interaural level difference is a better cue for sound localisation for which frequency sounds
High
146
Pinna is
The ear on the outside if your head
