Intro to A&P Flashcards
1
Q
the study of how the body functions
A
Physiology
2
Q
the study of the form and structure of the animal body and the relationships among its parts
A
Anatomy
3
Q
Knowing the principles of A&P helps you with what 3 things in vet medicine?
A
- Monitor and treat animals more effectively
- Perform medical procedures with greater effectiveness and safety for your patients
- Improve your communication with vets and other VTs/VAs
4
Q
the field that studies structures in cells and tissues
A
Microscopic Anatomy
5
Q
the field that studies body parts large enough to see with the naked eye
A
Gross Anatomy
6
Q
the study of all the components of each area of the body
A
Regional Anatomy
7
Q
Give an example of regional anatomy
A
- Anatomy of the neck region
- includes all present cervical:
cells
tissues
blood vessels
nerves
organs
bones
8
Q
studying the systems of the body as separate topics
A
Systemic Anatomy
9
Q
What are the 11 main body systems?
A
- Skeletal
- Integumentary
- Nervous
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Muscular
- Sensory
- Endocrine
- Urinary
- Reproductive
10
Q
imaginary slices through the animal body that can be used as points or areas of reference and on sets of directional terms that have the opposite meanings from each other
A
Planes of Reference
11
Q
What are the 4 anatomical planes of reference?
A
- Sagittal Plane
- Median Plane
- Transverse Plane
- Dorsal Plane
12
Q
Which of the 4 planes of reference is there only 1 of?
A
Median Plane
13
Q
runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves
A
Sagittal Plane
14
Q
special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into EQUAL left and right halves
A
Median (Midsagittal) Plane
15
Q
a plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal
A
Transverse Plane
16
Q
a plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse plans and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal
A
Dorsal Plane
17
Q
Since x-rays are only 2D images, how are x-rays described?
A
Described according to the path the x-ray beam takes through the body using anatomical directional terms
18
Q
a light-resistant container that holds the x-ray film
A
Cassette
19
Q
If a dog is lying on its back on an x-ray table,
1. Where is the x-ray tube?
2. Where is the cassette?
3. What is the view called?
A
- X-ray tube is above the dog’s belly
- Cassette is below the dog’s back
- Ventro-dorsal (VD) view of the abdomen
20
Q
What could a dorso-palmar (DP) view be x-raying on a horse? Where would the x-ray tube and cassette be?
A
- The fetlock joint
- X-ray tube in front of the leg and the cassette behind the joint
21
Q
How are lateral radiographic views described?
A
Named according to which side of the animal is closest to the film
22
Q
If a cat is lying on their left side to get an x-ray of a lateral view, what side is closest to the x-ray tube? What is this view called?
A
- The cat’s RIGHT side is closest to the x-ray tube
- Right lateral view
23
Q
provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures regardless of the position of the animal’s body
A
Directional Terms
24
Q
Directional Terms:
Patient’s left
A
Left
25
Directional Terms:
Patient's right
Right
26
Directional Terms:
Toward the head end of the body
Cranial
27
Directional Terms:
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)
Rostral
28
Directional Terms:
Toward the tail end of the body
Caudal
29
Directional Terms:
Toward the back
Dorsal
30
Directional Terms:
Toward the belly
Ventral
31
Directional Terms:
Toward the median plane
Medial
32
Directional Terms:
Away from the median plane
Lateral
33
Directional Terms:
Toward the center (whole body or part)
Deep (internal)
34
Directional Terms:
Toward the surface (whole body or part)
Superficial (external)
35
Directional Terms:
Toward the body (extremity)
Proximal
36
Directional Terms:
Away from the body (extremity)
Distal
37
Directional Terms:
"Back" of forelimb from carpus distally
Palmer
38
Directional Terms:
"Back" of hindlimb from tarsus distally
Plantar
39
Directional Terms:
"Front" of forelimb and hindlimb from carpus and tarsus distally
Dorsal
40
What types of animals are the terms cranial/caudal used for?
4 legged animals
41
Directional Terms:
Movement within the GI system in the direction of the mouth
Orad
42
Directional Terms:
Movement within the GI system in the direction away from the mouth
Aborad
43
Give an example of when you would use the terms orad vs aborad
The stomach is orad to the intestines, which are aborad to the stomach
44
give a shorthand way of recording anatomic locations in veterinary records
Regional Terms
45
Regional Terms:
Trunk of the body - formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
Barrel
46
Regional Terms:
Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum
Brisket
47
Regional Terms:
Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals
Cannon
48
Regional Terms:
Joint between cannon bone and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Fetlock
49
Regional Terms:
Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs
Flank
50
Regional Terms:
Tarsus
Hock
51
Regional Terms:
Carpus of hoofed animals
Knee
52
Regional Terms:
Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones
Muzzle
53
Regional Terms:
Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Pastern
54
Regional Terms:
Top of the head between the bases of the ears
Poll
55
Regional Terms:
Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint - equivalent to the human knee
Stifle
56
Regional Terms:
Dorsal part of the base of the tail
Tailhead
57
Regional Terms:
Area dorsal to scapulas
Withers
58
means the axis of symmetry is around a central point
Radial Symmetry
59
means the left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other internally and externally
Bilateral Symmetry
60
Where are single structures typically found? Give 3 examples
Near the median plane
1. Brain
2. Heart
3. GI tract
61
Name the 2 main body cavities and the 2 cavities within each
1. Dorsal Cavity = Cranial Cavity + Spinal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity = Thoracic Cavity + Peritoneal Cavity
62
What do the dorsal and ventral cavities house?
Dorsal - CNS
Ventral Cavity - most of the viscera
63
What are the functions of the cranium and spinal cavity?
Cranium - houses + protects the brain
Spinal Cavity - houses + protects the spinal cord
64
What divides the ventral cavity?
Diaphragm
65
What major structures are found in the thoracic vs peritoneal cavities?
Thoracic Cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus, major blood vessels to/from the heart
Abdominal Cavity - digestive organs, urinary organs, reproductive organs
66
a thin membrane that covers all organs in the thoracic cavity and lines the cavity itself
Pleura
67
the layer of thin membrane that covers all the organs of the thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura
68
the layer of thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
69
the small amount of lubricating fluid between the visceral and parietal pleural layers that allow the two surfaces to slide over each other during breathing
Pleural Fluid
70
inflammation of the pleura
Pleuritis
71
a thin membrane that covers all organs in the abdominal cavity and lines the cavity itself
Peritoneum
72
the layer of thin membrane that covers all organs in the abdominal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum
73
the layer of thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
74
the small amount of lubricating fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the abdominal cavity that allow them to slide over each other smoothly
Peritoneal Fluid
75
inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
76
the smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life
Cells
77
a group of specialized cells
Tissue
78
the branch of anatomy that deals with the microscopic structure and composition of tissues
Histology
79
the scientist who analyzes tissue samples often from surgery
Histopathologist
80
the study of both healthy and diseased tissues
Histopathology
81
What are the 4 types of tissues?
1. Epithelial
2. Muscular
3. Nervous
4. Connective
82
structures that secrete useful substances and excrete wastes
Glands
83
made up of groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose
Organ
84
the combinations of different functions performed by diverse tissues within an organ in which each tissue helps the others carry out their tasks
Complementary Functions
85
groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities to perform an essential function for the body as a whole
Organ System
86
a state of normal anatomy and physiology
Health
87
Describe 2 ways in which the health of cells affect the body and vice versa
- All structures and functions in the body are interrelated
- Abnormal structures or functions in the body can result in disease
88
the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body
Homeostasis
89
the internal conditions of the body have fairly narrow operational ranges in which it can vary
Dynamic Equilibrium
90
a condition in which the heart is pumping inadequate amounts of blood and blood backs up in the body
Congestive Heart Failure
91
the amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute
Cardiac Output
92
What is the first symptom of heart failure?
Drop in cardiac output
93
Describe the compensatory mechanism involved in congestive heart failure
Drop in cardiac output > decreased blood flow + BP picked up by vascular receptors > relayed to CNS > signals then activate the sympathetic nervous system > stimulates the heart to beat harder + faster + constrict blood vessels > meant to increase blood flow + BP > causes the weak heart to work harder > causes further weakening of the heart + decreased cardiac output > causes more SNS stimulation > cycle continues until heart gives up OR we intervene with medical therapy
94
the water found within animal cells
Intracellular Fluid
95
the water found outside animal cells
Extracellular Fluid
96
the extracellular fluid located within tissues
Interstitial Fluid
97
What type of fluid makes up almost 2/3 of the water in the animal body?
Intracellular Fluid
98
Capable of conducting electrical current in solution
Electrolytes
99
How is electrolyte concentration:
1. Measured
2. Expressed
1. Measured by > # of electrical charges in 1 L
2. Expressed as > milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
100
What are 5 common electrolytes?
1. Na+
2. K+
3. Cl-
4. Acids
5. Bases
101
the solute concentration in a fluid
Osmolality
102
_____ the solute concentration > the _____ the osmolality
higher/higher
lower/lower
103
How can VTs help regulate osmolality in a sick patient? What are the 2 types used?
Use different types of IV fluids
1. Crystalloids
2. Colloids
104
fluid products that contain water and electrolytes
Crystalloids
105
What are the 3 types of Crystalloid solutions? What is their osmolality compared to blood?
1. Isotonic = crystalloids with osmolality SIMILAR to blood
2. Hypertonic = crystalloids with osmolality GREATER than blood
3. Hypotonic = crystalloids with osmolality LOWER than blood
106
Give 2 examples of when a VT would use crystalloids for a patient
1. Dehydrated patients
2. Correcting acid-base imbalances
107
crystalloid fluids with large, heavy molecules
Colloids
108
Give 3 examples of when a VT would use Colloids over Crystalloids for a patient
1. Improve BP
2. Improve low protein levels
3. Blood transfusions
109
What are 2 common Colloids used in vet med?
1. Vetstarch
2. Hetastarch
110
What are 5 Crystalloids commonly used in vet med?
1. 0.9% NaCl > regular saline
2. 0.45% NaCl > half-strength saline
3. Normosol
4. Plasmalyte
5. Lactated Ringers Solution (LRS)
