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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 functions of Epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection - covering + lining
  2. Filtration - biochemical substances
  3. Absorption - nutrients
  4. Sensation - sensory input
  5. Secretion
  6. Excretion
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2
Q

List 6 characteristics of of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Are polar
  2. Have cell junctions
  3. Are avascular
  4. Are innervated
  5. Have a basal lamina
  6. Have surface specialization
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3
Q

epithelial cells have a sense of direction relative to surrounding structures

A

Polarity

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4
Q

epithelial cell surface that faces the lumen

A

Apical Surface

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5
Q

Body cavity

A

Lumen

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6
Q

epithelial cell surface that faces the underlying connective tissue

A

Basal Surface

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7
Q

the attachments between the plasma membranes on the lateral surfaces of neighboring epithelial cells

A

Cell Junctions

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8
Q

cellular attachments that prevent substances from leaking across the tissue

A

Tight Junctions

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9
Q

cellular attachments that consist of a strong plaque that cements neighboring cells together

A

Desmosomes

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10
Q

intermediate filaments that extend from the plaque into the cytoplasm of each cell like anchors to stabilize a desmosome junction

A

Tonofilaments

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11
Q

junctions that link epithelial cells to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

cellular attachments that link the cytoplasm of neighboring cells together via connexons in order to allow the exchange of ions, electrical signals, and nutrients

A

Gap Junctions

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13
Q

Transmembrane channel proteins that extend between the cytoplasm of neighboring cells

A

Connexons

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14
Q

the non-living meshwork of fibers that cements epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue and allows for the exchange of molecules and substances between the epithelial cells and the connective tissue

A

Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina)

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15
Q

What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

A

Microvilli - fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell and enhance the cell’s ability to absorb or secrete

Cilia - hairlike projections that serve to aid in the transport of materials

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16
Q

What are 4 actions taken by vet staff to treat patients with parvovirus?

A
  1. Combat the dehydration
  2. IV fluid therapy with electrolyte supplements
  3. Antibiotics
  4. Anti-vomiting meds
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17
Q

What are the 3 ways epithelia can be classified?

A
  1. Number of layers of cells
  2. Shape of cells in the luminal tissue surface
  3. Presence of surface specializations
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18
Q

Explain the difference between simple and stratified epithelia

A

Simple = a single layer of cells
Stratified = multiple layers of cells

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19
Q

Explain the characteristics and structural differences in squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells

A
  1. Squamous - flat + hexagonal cells, central disc shaped nuclei, fragile
  2. Cuboidal - cubic cells, central round nuclei, fragile, ciliated or smooth
  3. Columnar - elongated cells, nuclei aligned toward the basement membrane, protective, ciliated or smooth
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20
Q

What is special about pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue? Give 3 reasons

A
  1. Appear stratified > due to not all cells reaching the luminal surface
  2. Nuclei at different levels across the tissue
  3. Simple tissue
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21
Q

What is special about transitional epithelial tissue? Give 1 reason

A

Layer cell shapes are based on the level of tissue distension > relaxed (cuboidal) or stretched (squamous)

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22
Q

the accumulation of a protective, waterproof substance within some epithelial cells

A

Keratinization

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23
Q

cells that manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal epithelial surfaces in the GI tract

A

Goblet Cells

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24
Q

specialized protein molecules that remain within the body

A

Secretions

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25
Q

substances that ultimately leave the body

A

Excretions

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26
Q

Explain the 6 classifications of glands

A
  1. Presence or absence of ducts - endocrine or exocrine
  2. Number of cells - unicellular or multicellular
  3. Shape of secreting ducts - simple or compound
  4. Structure of secretory portion - tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
  5. Type of secretion - mucoid or serous
  6. Manner of secretion storage and discharge - merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine
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27
Q

glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and lymphatic system

A

Endocrine Glands

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28
Q

Glands that:
- Have no ducts or tubules
- Don’t have to act locally
- Products enter circulation

A

Endocrine Glands

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29
Q

glands that discharge secretions directly into nearby areas where they may cover cell surfaces or empty into lumen

A

Exocrine Glands

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30
Q

Glands that:
- Have ducts
- Act locally
- Products do not enter circulation

A

Exocrine Glands

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31
Q

a thick, sticky mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that become mucus when mixed with water

A

Mucin

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32
Q

What is the only unicellular exocrine gland?

A

Goblet Cells

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33
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands are made of what 2 things?

A
  1. Secretory Unit
  2. Duct
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34
Q

produce secretions in secretory cells and is surrounded by connective tissues

A

Secretory Unit

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35
Q

carries out the secretion to the deposition site

A

Duct

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36
Q

classification if the main duct is unbranched

A

Simple

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37
Q

classification if the main duct is branched

A

Compound

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38
Q

glands with secretory units that form long channels of even width

A

Tubular Gland

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39
Q

glands with secretory units that form rounded sacs

A

Alveolar (Acinar) Glands

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40
Q

glands with secretory units that possess both tubular and alveolar qualities

A

Tubuloalveolar Glands

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41
Q

thick, viscous secretions that are composed of glycoproteins

A

Mucoid Secretions

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42
Q

watery secretions that contain a high concentration of enzymes

A

Serous Secretions

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43
Q

glands that contain both mucous and serous components

A

Mixed Exocrine Glands

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44
Q

glands that package their secretions into granular units and release them as they are made via exocytosis

A

Merocrine Glands

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45
Q

glands that store granules until the apex of the cell is full, pinch in two, release the apex into the duct system, repair the damage and then repeat the process

A

Apocrine Glands

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46
Q

glands that store granules until they are needed and release their secretory product via the degeneration of the cell

A

Holocrine Glands

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47
Q

Match the gland to the result of secretory process:
- Apocrine/Holocrine/ Merocrine
- Remains intact during process / cells are damaged and repaired during process / cells are destroyed during process

A

Apocrine - damaged + repaired
Merocrine - remain intact
Holocrine - destroyed

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48
Q

What are the 2 functions of connective tissue?

A

Bind and Support the organism and the body systems

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49
Q

What are 5 characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. Consist of cells embedded in a nonliving matrix
  2. Vascularized
  3. Ground Substance
  4. Extracellular Fibers
  5. Various types of cells
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50
Q

a medium through which nutrients and waste are exchanged with the bloodstream and can act as a barrier against invading microorganisms

A

Ground Substance (matrix)

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51
Q

strong, thick, white strands composed of collagen that are organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils

A

Collagenous (White) Fibers

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52
Q

What are the most common types of fibers in connective tissue?

A

Collagenous Fibers

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53
Q

thin, delicate strands composed of collagen that branch into complicated networks

A

Reticular Fibers

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54
Q

delicate strands composed of elastin that branch into complex networks

A

Elastic (Yellow) Fibers

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55
Q

What are collagen and elastin and what is the difference between them?

A
  1. Both are proteins
  2. Collagen allows for firmer support. Elastin allows for flexible support.
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56
Q

What areas are the following extracellular fibers found in? Give an example of each
1. Collagenous Fibers
2. Reticular Fibers
3. Elastic Fibers

A
  1. Collagenous > areas of high stretching and contracting force > tendons/ligaments
  2. Reticular > highly cellular organs > lymph nodes
  3. Elastic > tissues that stretch constantly > blood vessel walls
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57
Q

connective tissue cells that remain in the tissue and are involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix

A

Fixed Cells

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58
Q

large, irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete both the fibers and the ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix

A

Fibroblasts

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59
Q

Explain the life cycle of fibroblasts

A
  1. Initially > metabolically very active + reproducing
  2. Maturation > less active > names adopt suffix -cyte
  3. Cells convert back to -blast form if more matrix is needed later
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60
Q

fat cells

A

Adipocytes

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61
Q

Where are 4 places adipose tissue can be found?

A
  1. Under the skin
  2. Behind the eyeballs
  3. Around the kidneys
  4. In the omentum of the abdominal cavity
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62
Q

flat, star-shaped cells with long, outreaching arms that form net-like connections throughout the tissue they compose in order to facilitate immune responses and manufacture their associated fibers

A

Reticular Cells

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63
Q

connective tissue cells that pass in and out of the tissue as needed and are involved in the repair and protection of the tissue

A

Transient Cells

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64
Q

cells found in blood that move into connective tissue in large numbers during infections

A

Leukocytes

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65
Q

oval shaped cells that contain large amount of dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm which contain histamine or heparin

A

Mast Cells

66
Q

a biochemical that, when released into a tissue, increase blood flow to an area by making the capillaries leaky in order to initiate an inflammatory response

A

Histamine

67
Q

a biochemical that, when released into a tissue, prevents blood from clotting and ensures the pathways for increased blood flow remain open in order to initiate an inflammatory response

A

Heparin

68
Q

massive, irregularly shaped phagocytizing cells that are drawn to sites of infection or inflammation in order to engulf the microinvaders

A

Macrophages

69
Q

the mixture of fibers and ground substance

A

Extracellular Matrix

70
Q

What are the 2 categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
  2. Specialized Connective Tissue
71
Q

connective tissue that is embedded in a matrix of elastin and collagen

A

Connective Tissue Proper

72
Q

What is the largest category of connective tissue?

A

Connective Tissue Proper

73
Q

What are the 2 types of Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
  2. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
74
Q

What is the most common type of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar Tissue

75
Q

List the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
76
Q

adipose tissue found throughout the body, particularly deep skin layers

A

White Adipose Tissue

77
Q

adipose tissue found only in newborn animals + hibernating animals

A

Brown Adipose Tissue

78
Q

List the 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue

A
  1. Dense Regular
  2. Dense Irregular
  3. Elastic Connective
79
Q

How does dense fibrous connective tissue tightly packed structure affect its ground substance and cells?

A
  1. There is little room for ground substance and cells
  2. These tissues are found in smaller quantities than LCT
80
Q

What are the 3 specialized connective tissues?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone (Osseous)
  3. Blood
81
Q

List the 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
82
Q

List the 3 components of Osseous Connective Tissue matrix

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Calcium phosphate
  3. Calcium bicarbonate
83
Q

List the 2 types of osseous connective tissue

A
  1. Compact
  2. Cancellous
84
Q

What are the fibers and ground substance of blood as a specialized connective tissue?

A

“Fibers” > leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
Ground Substance > plasma

85
Q

a condition when the interstitial spaces fill with an excessive amount of body fluid due to trauma or pathogens

A

Edema

86
Q

a condition in which an edema remains compressed in an area after pressing into it with a finger

A

Pitting Edema

87
Q

a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and bones that can withstand forces from more than one direction due to the alternating direction of fibers in each layer

A

Fascia

88
Q

a type of fascia that bind muscle to bone and to the fascia of other muscles

A

Aponeuroses

89
Q

cartilage cells embedded in a matrix of collagen

A

Chondrocytes

90
Q

hollowed-out pockets in a matrix that house connective tissue cells

A

Lacunae

91
Q

a vascular membrane that surrounds and provides nutrition to cartilage

A

Perichondrium

92
Q

hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones in joints and connects the ribs to the sternum

A

Articular Cartilage

93
Q

bone cells embedded in a matrix of collagen and minerals that form the skeleton of an organism

A

Osteocytes

94
Q

a central channel that contains both a vascular and nerve supply within a bone

A

Haversian Canal

95
Q

tiny threadlike channels that radiate away from the lacunae

A

Canaliculi

96
Q

thin, protective layers that line lumen, separate organs, and cover surfaces

A

Membrane

97
Q

membranes that line the organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tracts

A

Mucous Membranes (Mucosae)

98
Q

Animals may show signs of illness through changes in appearance in what type of membranes?

A

Mucous Membranes

99
Q

What are 4 colors of mucous membranes that may indicate illness?

A
  1. Yellow
  2. Blue
  3. Bright Red
  4. White
100
Q

a condition in which bilirubin is elevated in the blood and causes a jaundiced appearance

A

Icterus

101
Q

yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes

A

Jaundice

102
Q

a condition that occurs when an animal cannot provide their tissues with adequate amounts of oxygen and causes blue mucous membranes

A

Hypoxia

103
Q

a condition in which the mucous membranes of an animal turn bright red

A

Hyperemia

104
Q

a state in which blood flow to peripheral tissues is increased

A

Hyperperfused

105
Q

Shock, anemia and hypothermia cause what color mucous membranes?

A

Pale or White

106
Q

Examining the mucous membranes of animals can tell you what 3 things?

A
  1. Signs of illness - color
  2. Hydration - tacky vs wet gums
  3. State of Circulatory System - examine CRT
107
Q

Name 3 things that can cause prolonged CRT

A
  1. Compromised cardiac output
  2. Low BP
  3. Severe peripheral vasoconstriction
108
Q

Name 2 things that can cause shortened CRT

A
  1. High BP
  2. Hypercompensatory States
109
Q

What is normal, prolonged, and shortened CRT?

A

Normal = 2 seconds
Prolonged = > 2 seconds
Shortened = < 2 seconds

110
Q

highly permeable membranes that line the walls and cover the organs that fill those cavities

A

Serous Membranes (Serosae)

111
Q

Serous membranes are composed of what 3 things?

A
  1. Visceral Layer
  2. Parietal Layer
  3. Serous Fluid
112
Q

a thin and watery transudate that reduces friction between the cavities and organs

A

Serous Fluid

113
Q

a condition in which an abnormally large amount of fluid enters a body cavity or joint

A

Effusion

114
Q

when an injury causes blood cells to leak into and build up in the pleural space due to broken capillaries

A

Hemothorax

115
Q

an effusion in the peritoneal space of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Ascites

116
Q

an extracellular fluid that is able to pass through membranes into narrow spaces between tissue and has different names based on location

A

Transudate

117
Q

Name the transudates in:
1. serous membranes
2. the thorax
3. the abdomen
4. the region around the heart

A
  1. Serous Fluid
  2. Pleural Fluid
  3. Peritoneal Fluid
  4. Pericardial Fluid
118
Q

an extracellular fluid made of cells, protein and other solid material that is denser than a transudate

A

Exudate

119
Q

abnormal connections that form between the parietal and visceral layers when serous membranes are damaged and the production of serous fluid is impeded

A

Adhesions

120
Q

supportive ligaments in the abdominopelvic cavities that secure organs to the body wall and are made from merged layers of visceral serous membranes

A

Mesenteries

121
Q

the mesentery that connects the stomach to the abdominal wall

A

Omentum

122
Q

the mesentery that connects the uterus to the pelvic wall

A

Broad Ligament

123
Q

List the 4 types of membranes found in the animal body

A
  1. Mucous Membranes
  2. Serous Membranes
  3. Cutaneous Membranes
  4. Synovial Membranes
124
Q

an organ that is perpetually exposed to the outside environment and possesses unique features that distinguish it from other membrane types

A

Integument (Cutaneous Membrane)

125
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Integument?

A
  1. Epidermis - superficial layer
  2. Dermis - deep layer
126
Q

membranes that line the joint cavities and produce their associated fluid

A

Synovial Membranes

127
Q

fluid that works with hyaline cartilage to reduce friction in joint spaces

A

Synovial Fluid

128
Q

the removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or mass that is used to find a definitive disease diagnosis

A

Biopsy

129
Q

Give 5 methods of obtaining a biopsy specimen

A
  1. Inserting a special biopsy needle into the tissue
  2. Excising a piece of tissue with a scalpel
  3. Grasping attachments on the exploratory end of endoscopes
  4. Biopsy Punch
  5. Tissue Forceps (NOT dressing forceps)
130
Q

a cookie-cutter type instrument used to get biopsy samples

A

Biopsy Punch

131
Q

Why is it important to use sharp instruments when obtaining biopsies?

A

To prevent the microanatomy from being crushed

132
Q

Biopsy samples are placed in a fixative solution of _____ buffered formalin

A

10%

133
Q

The ratio of formative solution volume to tissue volume is _______.

A

10:1

134
Q

Sliced samples of biopsies should be no thicker than _____.

A

1 cm

135
Q

______ & ______ are fibers composed of specialized proteins arranged into microfilaments

A

Myosin & Actin

136
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there and what are they?

A

Three
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

137
Q

tissue that contains specialized cells that can conduct electrical and chemical impulses throughout the body

A

Nervous Tissue

138
Q

Nervous tissue is located in what 2 major systems?

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
139
Q

the longest cells in the body (up to 1 meter) that form connections with other tissues in order to regulate body functions

A

Neurons

140
Q

Nervous Tissue has 2 components. What are they?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglial Cells
141
Q

supporting neural cells that do not transmit impulses

A

Neuroglial Cells

142
Q

List the 3 parts of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites
143
Q

contains the nucleus and controls the metabolism of the cell

A

Cell Body

144
Q

a long single extension that conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

145
Q

short cytoplasmic extensions that receive impulses from other cells

A

Dendrites

146
Q

What are the 3 stages of tissue repair?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Organization
  3. Regeneration
147
Q

the first stage after injury in the body’s attempt to limit further damage to injured tissue and eliminate harmful pathogens

A

Inflammation

148
Q

inflammation caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi

A

Infection

149
Q

The extent of inflammation depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. Type of tissue involved
  2. Severity of illness or injury
150
Q

How long is the vasoconstriction period during inflammation?

A

5-10 min

151
Q

the accumulation of dead and degenerated neutrophils and macrophages that may collect in an injured area

A

Pus

152
Q

forms under the overlying blood clot and over the injured area to protect the injured tissue from further damage and inhibits infectious agents from entering the area

A

Granulation Tissue

153
Q

when granulation tissue becomes too thick and stands out above the epithelial layer

A

Proud Flesh

154
Q

Proud Flesh is commonly seen in what species with what injuries?

A

Horses with skin wounds

155
Q

when particular cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of tissue over the granulation tissue

A

Epithelialization

156
Q

scar tissue common in abdominal and thoracic cavities that covers organs and forms connections between multiple structures

A

Fibrous Adhesions

157
Q

Classification of tissue healing depends on _______ & _______.

A
  1. Mechanism of healing
  2. Proximity of wound edges
158
Q

healing that occurs in wounds in which the edges are held in close apposition, the skin forms a primary union without the formation of granulation tissue, and doesn’t result in significant scarring

A

First-Intention Healing

159
Q

healing that occurs in wounds in which the edges are separated from one another, granulation tissue forms to close the gap and results in scarring

A

Second-Intention Healing

160
Q

Surgery sites typically demonstrate what type of healing?

A

First-Intention Healing

161
Q

List the 3 factors that affect healing rate and healing extent

A
  1. Age
  2. Overall health
  3. Nutrition
162
Q

With unhealthy or critically ill animals, ________ is avoided and ________ is often used.

A
  1. Elective surgery is avoided
  2. IV nutrition is used

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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