Intro to Biology Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Polymers
A
The result of monomers being linked together through polymerization
2
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Macromolecules that are a source of energy and structure for many organisms
3
Q
Lipid
A
Macromolecule used by the body to store energy and form membranes and barriers around cells
4
Q
Nucleic Acid
A
Macromolecule comprised of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; examples include RNA and DNA, which are responsible for storing genetic information
5
Q
Protein
A
Macromolecule responsible for controlling many cell processes and serving as enzyme within chemical reactions
6
Q
Photosynthesis
A
Process of using light to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water
7
Q
Biopolymer
A
Natural polymer produced by living organisms
8
Q
Glycogen
A
Stores energy in the muscles and liver of humans and other animals
9
Q
Starches
A
Soluble, helical sugar structures produced by plants and used to store energy
10
Q
Cellulose
A
Dietary fiber; plants use it for rigid structures, particularly plant stems
11
Q
Complex Lipids
A
contain additional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur
12
Q
Simple Lipids
A
Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
13
Q
Triol
A
Carbon chain with three alcohol groups (-OH groups)
14
Q
Unsaturated Fat
A
Long-chain hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
15
Q
Phospholipid
A
Long-chain hydrocarbon held together by a phosphate group
16
Q
Nucleotides
A
Four monomers that make up RNA and DNA
17
Q
RNA
A
Ribonucleic acid
18
Q
DNA
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
19
Q
Proteins
A
Extremely large polypeptides with molecular masses of 5,000 to 40,000,000 g/mol
20
Q
Amino Acid
A
A molecule that has an NH2 group and a carboxylic acid group on a single carbon; considered the building block of life
21
Q
Polypeptides
A
Many amino acids bonded together by an amide bond
22
Q
Hierarchy
A
a way of dividing and organizing topics for studying
23
Q
Biosphere
A
contains all living things on Earth and the ecosystems upon which they rely
24
Q
Emergent Properties
A
properties observed that aren’t present in the preceding level of the hierarchy
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Biomes
Highest levels of complexity (Amazon rainforest/Arctic tundra)
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Systems biology
study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and other organisms
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Cells
the fundamental units of any organism
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Unicellular
consist of only one cell (e.g. bacteria)
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Homeostasis
the stability of internal conditions
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Three domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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The Scientific Method : Steps
Observation, Question, Formulate hypothesis, Develop prediction, Design experiment, Conduct experiment, Collect data, Analyze data
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Element
Substances that are made up of only one kind of atom
33
How many elements occur naturally on earth?
94
34
Atom
smallest component of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element
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Atomic Number
number of protons
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Atomic Mass
number of protons and neutrons
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Protons
Positively charged
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Electrons
Negatively charged
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Neutrons
Uncharged
40
Inert
Elements that have a full outer shell
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Chemical bonds
atoms share electrons between adjacent outer shells
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Compounds
Two or more elements joined together
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
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The atomic mass of the most common isotope of carbon
12
45
What exists in orbitals around the nucleus
Electrons
46
Valence electrons
electrons in the outermost energy level
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Ionic bond
one atom loses one or more electrons and another atom gains the electrons that were lost by the first atom
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Ion
an atom with a charge
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Anion
Ions with a negative charge
50
Cation
ions with a positive charge
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Covalent bond
Element share electrons to achieve a full outer shell
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Molecule
atoms joined by a covalent bond ; the smallest unit of a compound that has the same properties as the compound
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Nonpolar covalent bond
when the sharing of electrons between two covalently bonded atoms is nearly equal
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Polar covalent bond
when the sharing of electrons between two covalently bonded atoms is not equal
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Polar molecules
Molecules with dipoles (e.g. Water)
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Cohesion
Water is attracted to water
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Adhesion
Water is attracted to other substances
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Polar
A bond or molecule in which one side of the molecule is positive and the other is negative
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Dipole
Two regions on a molecule that have opposite charges
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Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Periods
Rows on the periodic table
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Groups
Columns on the periodic table
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Properties of water
Cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent
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Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that can't be synthesized by the body
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Two main secondary structures in proteins
alpha-helices ; beta-pleated sheets
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Pepsin
a protein that breaks down other proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids
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Enzymes
a class of proteins that catalyze reactions (e.g. pepsin)
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Glycogen
stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals
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Starches
are water-soluble, helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen-bonding; used to store energy in plants.
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Cellulose
water insoluble ; collects unwanted residue as it passes through digestive tract
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Difference between a polypeptide and a protein
A polypeptide usually has a molecular mass of 5,000 g/mol or less. A protein has a molecular mass above 5,000 g/mol.
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Three common forms of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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Which of the three common forms of carbohydrates is a polymer
Polysaccarides
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Fatty acids
lipids that are made only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
75
DNA is a biopolymer made of four different
Nucleotides
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How is DNA copied?
Hydrogen bonding
77
Cellular theory
1. All living organisms are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell.
5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
6. Energy flow occurs within cells.
78
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and multiple rod-shaped chromosomes in which DNA is stored
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Nucleoid
The irregularly-shaped region within prokaryotes that contains most of the genetic material of the cell
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Chromosome
threadlike structure that contains the genetic information (DNA) of a cell in the form of genes
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Peptidoglyican
A substance made up of sugars and proteins that forms the cell walls of many bacteria
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Bacteria
One of the six kingdoms of life, composed of prokaryotes only
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Archaea
One of the six kingdoms of life, composed of prokaryotes only
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Pilus
A hair-like structure found on the surface of many bacterial cells
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Flagellum
A microscopic appendage found on many bacterial cells that enables movement
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Capsule
A sugar-containing layer considered to be part of the bacterial cellular membrane
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Cytoplasm
Fills the cell inside the cellular membrane and holds all cellular material in place
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Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection to it
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Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
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Ribosomes
Cellular organelles involved in DNA translation and protein production
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Works with ribosomes to produce proteins
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Manufactures lipids or fats; can also perform detoxification functions for the cell
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Peroxisomes
Primarily break down lipids and fats
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Vacuoles
Act as a place for animal cells to store molecules before they’re released from the cell or after they’re brought into the cell
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Amyoplasts
Unique to plant cells, store and synthesize starch
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Cytosol
Jelly-like fluid that fills the cytoplasm
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Nucleoplasm
Semisoft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin
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Cisternae
Sacs and tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum
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Lumen
Internal part of the cisternae in the endoplasmic reticulum
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Cis
Receiving/opening end of the golgi apparatus
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Trans
Exit end of the golgi apparatus
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Cristae
Folds in the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria
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Mitochondrial Matrix
Outer membrane surrounding the mitochondria
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Chromoplasts
Organelle that stores the pigment for fruits and berries
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Characteristics of prokaryotes
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular
Archaea and Bacteria
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Phospholipid bilayer
a selectively permeable membrane that controls the flow of molecules, ions, and proteins into and out of the cell
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Characteristics of Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Multiples rod-shapes chromosomes where DNA is stored
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Cellular Respiration
the process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients
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Lysosomes
filled with enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles
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Autophagy
The process of recycling the cell material (amino acids and peptides)
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Characteristics shared by all cells
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
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Concentration Gradient
The process of molecules or solutes moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Electrical Gradient
The electrical potential that acts on an ion to move it into or out of a cell structure
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Voltage
The electrical potential difference between two separate points
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Passive Transport
The movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without using energy
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Diffusion
The net passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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Facilitated Diffusion
The process of passive transport of molecules and ions across a biological membrane through the use of membrane proteins known as channel proteins
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Active transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, primarily conducted with the assistance of enzymes and pumps; requires energy
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
An enzyme that assists in the active transport of sodium and potassium molecules; uses ATP as an energy source
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Hypotonic
A solution having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid
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Isotonic
when the concentrations of solute on the inside and outside are the same.
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Hypertonic
Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid
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Solute
A substance dissolved in another substance, usually at the particle level
124
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
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Homeostasis
The tendency of living things to maintain a steady state of internal conditions
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Set point
Ideal internal conditions for an organism
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Negative Feedback Loop
Homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus
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Positive Feedback Loop
Homeostatic process that maintains or enhances the stimulus
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Thermoregulation
Process by which animals regulate internal temperature
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Ectotherm
Depends on external conditions to maintain temperature
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Endotherm
Depends on internal processes to maintain temperature
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Fluid Mosaic Model
Hypothesis of how different things in a cell membrane are organized
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Intergral Proteins
Span the entire cell membrane and are considered part of the membrane
134
Peripheral Proteins
Not part of the membrane but included on one side of it
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Transport proteins
Help substances cross the membrane
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Carrier Proteins
Class of transport proteins that change shape to move substances across the membrane
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Channel Proteins
Class of transport proteins that have a channel for substances to cross the membrane
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Endocytosis
The bulk transport of materials across a cell membrane by the membrane forming a vacuole around it
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Phagocytosis
A process by which food is moved across the membrane by enclosing it in a vacuole
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Pinocytosis
A process by which a cell moves water and dissolved substances across a membrane by enclosing it in a vacuole
141
Most cells have an electrical potential difference of between
-40 and -80 milivolts
142
Osmosis
the diffusion of water from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
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Osmotic pressure
a determining force in water movement and causes water to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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Can a chemical gradient direct solute flow in one direction, and an electrical gradient direct solute flow in the opposing direction
Yes
145
Describe the three different processes associated with endocytosis
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis
