Intro to Immunology

Question 1

What is Immunity?

Answer 1

The capacity to distinguish foreign from self

Question 2

What makes up the haematopoietic system?

Answer 2

Organs involved in the production of blood:

Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes

Question 3

What is the immune system?

Answer 3

A system of organs and processes that protect the organism from disease

Question 4

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

A network of lymph vessels and nodes involved in antigen capture and transport

Question 5

What does a mast cell do and where is it found

Answer 5

Mast cells dilate blood vessels and induces in the inflammatory response by histamine. It also Attracts macrophages and neutrophils.

It is found in the connective tissue and mucous membranes

Question 6

What does a macrophage and where is it found?

Answer 6

Consumes foreign and pathogenic material

It is found in the blood vessels but can migrate to tissues

Question 7

What does an NK cell do and where is it found?

Answer 7

It kills tumour cells and cells infected with viruses

Circulates in the blood but can migrate to tissues

Question 8

What does a dendritic cell do and where is it found?

Answer 8

Present antigens to trigger an immune response

Present in epithelial tissue, migrates to the lymph nodes after activation

Question 9

What does a neutrophil do?

Answer 9

The first responder at a site of infection or trauma, it is the most abundant phagocytotic cell type

Question 10

What does a basophil do?

Answer 10

Defends against parasites, uses histamines to cause inflammation (may cause allergic reactions)

Question 11

What does an Eosinophil do?

Answer 11

Defends against bacteria and parasites by using toxins, but also causes tissue damage

Question 12

What is an immune response?

Answer 12

A reaction to something that appears foreign or harmful

Question 13

What happens when Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) are engaged by Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

Answer 13

Intracellular pathways are stimulated causing the secretion of inflammatory modifiers

Question 14

What are PRRs?

Answer 14

Pattern Recognition Receptors, the are innate immune receptors

Question 15

How does phagocytosis occur?

Answer 15

1. Microbe binds to PRR which activates phagocytosis
2. Membrane internalizes the microbe causing a vacuole known as a phagosome to form
3. Lysosome containing enzymes fuses with phagosome to form Phagolysosome
4. Microbe is digested

Question 16

All nucleated cells have MHC class____

Answer 16

1

Question 17

Dendritic cells, B-cells and mononuclear Phagocytes have MHC class____

Answer 17

2

Question 18

CD8+ (Cytotoxic) T-cells respond to MHC class____

Answer 18

1

Question 19

CD4+ (Helper) T-cells respond to MHC class____

Answer 19

2

Question 20

What is an immune response?

Answer 20

A reaction to something that appears foreign or harmful

Question 21

What is a Kupfer cell?

Answer 21

A type of macrophage found in the liver

Question 22

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 22

A type of macrophage found in the bone

Question 23

What is a Microglia?

Answer 23

A type of macrophage found in the brain

Question 24

What is a Mesangial cell?

Answer 24

A type of macrophage found in the kidney

Question 25

How are antigens presented?

Answer 25

The microbe is processed and antigenic peptide fragments are presented on cell surface bound MHC molecules

Question 26

What are DAMPs?

Answer 26

Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern responses | Some innate receptors can be activated by damage to the cell

Question 27

What is opsonisation?

Answer 27

The process by which a foreign cell is made more susceptible to phagocytosis. Antibodies coat the foreign cell making it easier to eat

Question 28

What is a Phagosome?

Answer 28

A vacuole formed by the internalisation of the cell membrane bound foreign particle

Question 29

What is a Lysosome?

Answer 29

A membrane bound packet of lytic enzymes (Lysozymes)

Question 30

What are Lysozymes?

Answer 30

A lytic enzyme, it is the major secretory component of macrophages

Question 31

What is a Pagolysosome?

Answer 31

A sac created by the fusion of a Phagosome and Lysosome in which microbes are killed and digested

Question 32

In the MHC class 1 pathway what happens?

Answer 32

1. Virus infects a cell 2. Cell uses proteases to digest the virus' products (viral cytosolic proteins) 3. Cell displays the cytosolic proteins on it's MHC I molecule 4. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell recognises this and kills the cell

Question 33

In the MHC class 2 pathway what happens?

Answer 33

1. Bacteria is phagocytosed 2. Bacteria is destroyed in Phagolysosome 3. Proteins from the bacteria are present on MHC II molecule 4. CD4+ (Helper) T-cell comes and initiates a B-cell response

Question 34

Viruses create an __________ source of antigen and therefore they are involved in the MHC class __ pathway

Answer 34

Intracellular source | 2

Question 35

Bacteria create an __________ source of antigen and therefore they are involved in the MHC class __ pathway

Answer 35

Extracellular source | 1

Question 36

Myeloid cells are involved in the ________ response

Answer 36

Innate

Question 37

Lymphocytes are involved in the ________ response

Answer 37

Adaptive

Question 38

What are the 4 features of cross-talk between the innate and adaptive cells?

Answer 38

Opsonisation of the cells invading Complement binding Presentation of antigens Help - Helper T-cell help needed to create antibodies

Question 39

The binding of ______ to an antigen increases it's ability to iniate a ________________________

Answer 39

Complement | Strong and lasting B-Cell response

Question 40

What is immunodeficiency?

Answer 40

Deficits or defects in the immune system resulting in the inability to respond. Can be genetic (Primary) or due to medications/nutrition (Secondary)

Question 41

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 41

Overreaction or out of proportion reaction to damage caused by a pathogen or a reaction to a harmless antigen such as food or pollen

Question 42

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 42

Immune reaction to self antigens

Question 43

What is immunosupression?

Answer 43

The reduction in activation or the ability to produce a desired response of the immune system