Intro to repro pathology Flashcards

Question

Discuss Vagina/ vulval disorders?

Answer 1

**Vulvar swelling (tumefaction)** Exposure to endogenous or exogenous estrogen (ovarian cysts, estrogen-producing tumours, mycotoxins) **Inflammation** Granular vulvitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis of cattle (IPV), necrotic vaginitis and vulvitis, dourine **Neoplasias common here:** Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Canine transmisible venereal tumour Fibropapilloma of the vulva Transmissible genital papilloma of the pig

Answer 2

**Canine transmissible venereal tumour** * Rare in the UK, but common in some other countries * TVT cells have 59 chromosomes instead of normal 78 in dogs * Transmission by transfer of neoplastic cells during coitus (xenotransplantation) * Histo: large, round neoplastic cells with occasional large bizarre nuclei * Vincristine responsive * Metastases in dogs with poor health

Answer 3

* Common tumour of the bovine vulvar and affects young animals primarily * Single or multiple warty masses * Macroscopically, there are single or multiple warty masses that have a papillary epithelial covering and a fibrous core. Surface ulceration is often extensive.

Answer 4

* Mostly in stallions and geldings * Associated with Equine Papillomavirus-2 * Frequent ulceration * Recurrence if incomplete removal * Low-grade malignancy usually * Keratin pearl formation * Histologically – polygonal, squamous cell like cells and have with formation of keratin pearls – typical histological feature

Answer 5

**Normal sexual development** **Levels at which sex can be defined:** * **Genetic/ Chromosomal (xx/ xy)** - sex chromosome type is established at conception * **Gonadal (testis/ ovary)** - established early in development * **Phenotypic** - type and arrangement of tubular genitalia and external genitalia established after the gonadal type is set → Disorders of sexual development (DSD) due to genetic/ chromosomal abnormalities or inappropriate hormone exposure during development

Answer 6

1. An abnormal or missing sex chromosome 2. A normal female karyotype 3. A normal male karyotype **Sex chromosome DSD** Abnormal number and/or mixture of sex chromosomes, including XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), X\_ (Turner syndrome), and XX/XY (chimerism). XY DSD - disorders of testicular development, disorders of androgen synthesis or action XX DSD - disorders of ovarian development, androgen excess, or miscellaneous disorders (Note: SRY (sex-determining region Y protein) status)

Answer 7

* the sex chromosome type, * presence of SRY (sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein) * gonad type, * tubular genitalia, and * external genital phenotype

Answer 8

The bovine freemartin is a genetic female born co-twin with a male =\> anastomoses develop between the placental vascular systems of the 2 foetuses =\> development of the gonads, tubular, and external genitalia of the female embryo altered by hormones and cells received through the common circulation with her male twin. If anastomoses fail to develop, the female is not affected, but almost all male-female twinning in cattle results in the female becoming a freemartin.

Answer 9

B.Male Pseudohermaphrodite Female outer genitalia and uterus as well, but also have things that are not ovaries, we have testes – epididymis. The gonads are testes

Answer 10

C.True Hermaphrodite Have uterus, may have ovaries on the left and the right ‘ovary’ doesn’t look like an ovary, it has endometria from 2 different gonadal tissues – some testicular tissue and areas with ovarian cortex, so have oval testes. It is a true as have mixed gonadal tissue

Answer 11

Ambiguous genitalia, with part or all of the genital organs of both sexes present

Answer 12

Presence of both male and female gonadal tissue

Answer 13

Presence of only a single type of gonadal tissue → Male pseudohermaphrodite (with testes) → Female pseudohermaphrodite (with ovaries)

Answer 14

**Disorders of sexual development** Cryptorchism, testicular hypoplasia, spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head, ambiguous genitalia… **Disorders of the scrotum** **Disorders of the vaginal tunic** **Disorders of the testis and epididymis** _Decreased size_ Cryptorchism, hypoplasia, segmental aplasia, testicular atrophy/degeneration _Increased size (including masses)_ Spermatic granuloma of epididymal head, epididymitis, orchitis, periorchitis, testicular neoplasia, torsion… **Disorders of the accessory genital glands** **Disorders of the penis and prepuce** Developmental anomalies, haemorrhage/haematoma, inflammation, neoplasia

Answer 15

**Dermatitis is common** * •Trauma * •Frost bite * •Environmental irritants (e.g. cement dust) * •Dermatophilus congolensis, * •Besnoitia besnoiti (bull) * •Choriotes bovis (ram) → Thermoregulatory failures → Testicular degeneration **Neoplasia:** * –Mast cell tumours (dog) * –Haemangiosarcoma (dog) * –Papilloma (boar) *

Answer 16

→ Thin layer of mesothelium around testis continuous with the peritoneum. * –Hydrocoele in ascites. (Image:Pig, scrotum: Hydrocoele.) * –Periorchitis e.g. FIP, Glasser’s * –Tumours (extension peritoneal tumour) very rare

Answer 17

* Developmental anomalies * Degeneration * Inflammation * Neoplasia

Answer 18

* Incomplete descent of the testis * Retained between kidney and inguinal canal * Likely polygenetic basis * Often hypoplastic * Increased risk of tumour formation

Answer 19

* Congenital or pre-puberty * Often not observed until after puberty * Nutrition, Zn def, genetic, endocrine abnormalities * Occurs mostly cattle, sheep, goat * Unilateral or bilateral * Hypoplastic - normal consistency * Microscopy: absent/ incomplete spermatogenesis with hypoplastic and normal tubules often intermingled

Answer 20

* After puberty * Common cause for male infertility * Causes: infections, ↑scrotal temperature, decreased testicular blood supply, vitamin A/ Zn deficiency, drug reactions, radiation damage, obstruction, hyperoestrogenism * Unilateral or bilateral * Small –firm consistency (chronic) * Microscopic: similar to hypoplasia, (+/- fibrosis, multinucleated spermatids ) **Photos:** A) TOP Ram: interstitial fibrosis that separates the seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenic arrest at the spermatocyte stage, vacuolation of Sertoli cells, and a wavy basement membrane caused by a reduction in tubular diameter are present. B) BOTTOM Dog: In addition to reduced spermatogenesis, there is formation of multinucleated spermatids (arrows) as a result of failure of spermatids to separate. This is a common change in testicular degeneration.

Answer 21

**Epididymitis \>\> orchitis (!)** **Epididymitis:** * Important in rams (Brucella ovis – notifiable!) and dogs * Almost always affects the tail of the epididymis * Can cause secondary testicular degeneration/atrophy * Mostly ascending infection (accessory glands, urinary tract) * Rarer haematogenous (e.g. Brucella spp) or trauma

Answer 22

Spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head– congenital. Abnormal blind-ended efferent ductules at puberty fill with spermatozoa à spermiostasis à spermatocele and then spermatic granulomas Note on spermatic granulomas of the epididymal head: All efferent ductules should connect to the single epididymal duct in the head of the epididymis, but some are blind-ended. At puberty, the blind-ending ductules fill with spermatozoa and the resultant spermiostasis proceeds to spermatocele and then spermatic granulomas.

Answer 23

**LEFT PIC** - Spermatic granuloma, head of the epididymis, dog. A, The head of the epididymis is tremendously enlarged because of spermatic granulomas (white-yellow masses). The body and tail of the epididymis (ventral) are small, as the spermatic granulomas have obstructed the flow of spermatozoa from the testis to the epididymis. **RIGHT PIC** - Epididymitis (Brucella ovis), tunic adhesions, epididymis, ram. Note the dramatic enlargement of the epididymis (left half of the image) and the adhesion of the parietal vaginal tunic to the visceral vaginal tunic around the affected epididymis.

Answer 24

* Most common in older dogs (\>\> horses) –Common in older dogs, much less frequent in horses, and rare in o.ther species * Three main primary types: 1. Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumour 2. Sertoli cell tumour. 3. Seminoma (germ cell tumour; also teratoma) → almost always benign! * May also occur in combination

Answer 25

* Derived from spermatogonia * 2nd most common dog; most common in aged stallions * May cause swelling and pain * Gross: cream bulging mass (looks like lymphoid tissue) * Microscopy: sheets of polyhedral cells with a large nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm * Mitoses are frequent * More prevalent in retained testes

Answer 26

* 3rd most common testicular tumour in dogs * 50% occur in retained testes * Firm, white, lobulated mass. * Testicular enlargement * Colour: varies white to brown, often fibrous and may contain cysts. * Microscopy: Sertoli cells multilayered in tubules or invading interstitial tissue. Abundant fibrous tissue * Around 1/3 secrete oestrogen (and/ or inhibin) and cause feminisation of the affected dog (hyperoestrogenism). * A possibly life-threatening effect of hyperestrogenism is myelotoxicity, resulting in a poorly regenerative anaemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

Answer 27

* Most common testicular tumour dog, cat, bull * Gross: single or multiple spherical, tan to orange or haemorrhagic masses (bulging on cut surface) * No enlargement of the testis * Microscopy: polyhedral cells packed in small groups by fine fibrous stroma * Some produce hormones and cause aggression Note: Aggression may be related to production of androgens by the tumour but most do not cause signs of hyperandrogenism.

Answer 28

Mostly affecting dog **Frequency:** * Hyperplasia\> Inflammation (prostatitis) \> Neoplasia * Other: cysts, squamous metaplasia

Answer 29

* Old entire dogs * Can cause constipation/ urinary stasis * Gross: prostate is bilaterally and symmetrically larger * Microscopy: hyperplasia and papillary proliferation of the glandular tissue (glandular epithelium); stromal hyperplasia * Castration causes atrophy: oOestrogens act synergistically with androgens to potentiate hyperplasia of the epithelium oUnclear to what extent oestrogen induces accompanying stromal changes

Answer 30

* When found in older dogs, often together with hyperplasia * Mostly ascending bacterial infection * Gross: asymmetrical enlargement; may contain abscesses * Untreated cases can develop into peritonitis or septicaemia/ toxaemia. * Chronic cases may be subclinical **Photos:** **Left:** The prostate is enlarged with oedema, and there are many white foci of inflammatory cells instead of the usually smooth whitish-pink surface. **Right**: Acute prostatitis. Glands and interstitium contain large numbers of neutrophils. Most of these infections are of bacterial origin and develop after bacteria ascend the urethra. H&E stain Mostly neutrophils infiltrating the stroma

Answer 31

* Usually occurs in older dogs * Castration: neither prevention nor treatment * Gross: asymmetrical mild enlargement, usually surface of lesion looks quite irregular * Microscopy: haphazardly arranged glandular cells invading interstitium and marked fibrosis. * Metastasis common (lymph node, lung, bone); prognosis guarded * Clinical signs: constipation, urinary stasis, cachexia and locomotor abnormalities

Answer 32

* Oestrogen – dependent (e.g. dog with Sertoli cell tumour, oestrogenic implants/ ingestion of phytoestrogens (e.g. red clover) in cattle / sheep) * Glandular or duct epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium * This condition predisposes to inflammation * Can see hypercellular parts in the picture (apparently) lol

Answer 33

**Non-infectious** **Infectious (examples)** * Venereal infections (e.g. Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter foetus ssp venerealis) * Herpesviruses (e.g. Equine Coital Exanthema (EHV-3), Infectious Balanoposthitis (BHV-1)) * “Pizzle rot” (ulcerative posthitis sheep – Corynebacterium renale) * Habronemiasis horse **Neoplasia**

Answer 34

Inability to extrude the penis

Answer 35

Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce

Answer 36

Persistent erection

Answer 37

Inflammation of the penis

Answer 38

Inflammation of the head (glans) of the penis

Answer 39

Inflammation of the prepuce

Answer 40

Retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis distended with spermatozoa containing fluid

Answer 41

•Developmental anomalies * Agenesis, duplication, hypoplasia, vascular hamartoma •Cysts * Periovarian (paraovarian) cysts * Intraovarian cysts * Inflammation (Oophoritis) * Miscellaneous diseases * Supernumerary follicles, adhesions between infundibulum and ovary, ovarian haematoma, atretic follicles •Neoplasia * Germ cell neoplasms (dysgerminoma, teratoma) * Sex cord stromal neoplasms (granulosa cell tumour, thecoma) * Epithelial neoplasms (adenoma, carcinoma)

Answer 42

→ Periovarian cysts are usually cystic remnants of embryonic structures (here: of paramesonephric ducts → hydatid of Morgagni)

Answer 43

* Periovarian (paraovarian) cysts are cysts that are external to the ovary. They are common findings in dogs and cats during ovariohysterectomy. Intraovarian cysts are the cysts within the ovary * Intraovarian cysts are numerous and common. Many are derived from Graafian follicles, but others are epithelial cysts arising from surface epithelium or from intraovarian rete ovarii—that is, embryonic structures of mesonephric tubular origin. The most common cyst in the mare is an epithelial inclusion cyst; the most common cyst in dogs and cats is cystic rete ovarii.

Answer 44

Periovarian (paraovarian) cysts

Answer 45

Ovarian (intraovarian) cysts

Answer 46

Ovarian Haematoma ## Footnote → The physiologic large corpus haemorrhagicum in mares can be extensive and cause an ovarian haematoma Small amount of hemorrhage is normal at the time of ovulation in all species. The mare is an exception because the follicles are large and the cavity of the ovulated follicle fills with blood to form a large corpus haemorrhagicum. In rare cases, the haemorrhage can be extensive enough to form an ovarian haematoma or even haemoperitoneum, which can be fatal.

Answer 47

B)Teratoma An ovary with hair! → Ovarian teratomas have disorganized elements of at least two of the three embryonic germ layers (ecto-, meso-, endoderm) Ovarian teratomas are rare and usually well differentiated and benign. They have disorganised elements of at least two of the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, including neuroepithelium; mesoderm; and endoderm. Skin with hair is often present.

Answer 48

* Germ cell neoplasms - (dysgerminoma, teratoma) * Sex cord stromal neoplasms - (granulosa cell tumour, thecoma) * Epithelial neoplasms - (adenoma, carcinoma)

Answer 49

Ovarian Carcinoma

Answer 50

Granulosa cell tumour (ovary)

Answer 51

Granulosa cell tumors are the most common ovarian neoplasms reported in large animals. They are unilateral, smooth surfaced, and round and can be 20 to 30 cm in diameter. They can be solid, cystic, or polycystic. The cysts can vary from microscopic size to several centimeters in diameter. Often, the fluid within the cysts is red-brown.

Answer 52

Neoplasms of the ovarian epithelium, adenoma and carcinoma, occur commonly in the bitch. In dogs, they originate from the subsurface epithelial structures that are invaginations of the epithelium into the capsule of the ovary. Macroscopically, the affected ovary is large and multinodular and has a cystic or shaggy appearance.

Answer 53

→ The most common ovarian tumour in large animals; usually benign in the mare and cow, sometimes malignant in the bitch, often malignant in the queen Microscopically, the neoplastic cells resemble normal granulosa cells and often are arranged as they would be in normal Graafian follicles: in single or multiple rows of round to columnar cells lining fluid-filled spaces. In less differentiated areas, the neoplastic cells are arranged in sheets. Call-Exner bodies (i.e., rosettes of granulosa cells around a central space) may be present. The stroma can be sparse or abundant.

Answer 54

→ Commonly in the bitch; usually metastatic spread over the peritoneal surface by both lateral extension and seeding, or metastasis to lymph nodes and other organs Histologically, they have a combination of papillary and cystic regions. When predominantly papillary, they are called papillary adenoma or adenocarcinoma; if they are mostly cystic, they are called cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma.

Answer 55

* Endometritis (inflammation of the endometrium) * Metritis (inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall) * Pyometra

Answer 56

Torsion, rupture, prolapse, retention of foetal membranes, subinvolution of placental sites, pseudopregnancy, endometrial atrophy, endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, mucometra

Answer 57

Endometrial carcinoma Lymphoma Uterine leiomyoma

Answer 58

Severe endometritis, retained placenta, bovine → The physiologic postpartum endometritis can become severe after an abnormal parturition or failure of the uterus to involute Photo; Endometritis - The uterus is distended and contains red-brown material. The endometrium is swollen, red-brown and irregular/wavy

Answer 59

→ Uterine torsion occurs in pregnant animals or when the uterus is enlarged (by pyometra or mucometra) The rotation is around the mesometrium and occurs at the level of the cervix in the cow and mare and at the junction of the uterine horn and body in the bitch and queen. Torsion results in circulatory compromise and venous infarction. Image: Cat: uterine torsion of the left horn, uterine body and proximal right horn with venous infarction

Answer 60

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia → Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) can be localized or generalized; in bitches and queens commonly seen in diestrus (high progesterone); almost always with bacteria * In the bitch and presumably the queen, cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is a common response of the uterus in diestrus. * Pathogenesis likely includes priming of the uterus by increased progesterone concentrations so that inflammation or irritation (bacteria, or other substances) stimulates the uterus to undergo hyperplasia.

Answer 61

Microscopically, the main component of endometrial hyperplasia is an increase in the size and area of glands with no change in the stroma apart from oedema. The glandular epithelium is progestational in appearance (i.e., the cells are columnar, hypertrophic, and hyperplastic and have a clear vacuolated cytoplasm). As the glands become cystic with increased pressure of retained secretion, the epithelium of the glands becomes flattened and simple squamous in type (compression atrophy).

Answer 62

Pyometra! •Acute or chronic –acute or chronic suppurative infection of the uterus with accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen. •Common in the bitch, queen, cow, and mare •Bitch: Typically in diestrus → progesterone plays an essential role in the pathogenesis (!) * Bitch: Typically a few weeks after oestrus; luteal phase: endometrial hyperplasia → accumulation of secretions → inflammation → secondary bacterial infection (most commonly Escherichia coli)

Answer 63

E)Leiomyoma ## Footnote Leiomyomas are the most common tumours of the tubular genitalia of the bitch, being located in the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus, cervix, or vagina. Are less common in other species Characteristic gross features: not encapsulated but are well demarcated, firm, light tan to white, and easily shelled out. In almost all cases, the tumours project as globose or elliptical masses or as bulbous polyps into the lumen. Some extend outward from the serosal surface, and a few are found in the mesometrium.

Answer 64

Leiomyoma Histologically – appearance of well differentiated smooth muscle - composed of whorling bundles of smooth muscle cells with abundant stroma but scant intercellular connective tissue. The organization does not depart much from normal.

Answer 65

Uterine leiomyosarcoma ## Footnote → Uncommon tumour; Malignant counterpart of leiomyoma with invasive growth and pleomorphic tumour cells Leiomyosarcoma effacing the uterine body, cervix, and cranial vagina in a Saanen goat, a breed that appears predisposed to develop this tumour – increase invasiveness when compared to benign version. Increased pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, increased mitotic figures.

Answer 66

→ Uterine neoplasms are uncommon in domestic animals. Carcinoma in cows and leiomyoma in bitches are most common. Note that the uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common spontaneous tumour in rabbits (!) **_Uterine adenocarcinoma, rabbit_** Grossly, tumours are nodular, can be multicentric masses that often involve both uterine horns. On the cut surface, masses are firm, red to cream and may have paler areas of central necrosis.

Answer 67

Typical microscopic features for uterine adenocarcinomas are the formation of acinar and tubular structures by the neoplastic cells, but more solid areas may also be present. There may be also a large amount of fibrous tissue (which is part of what is called a scirrhous reaction). Metastases occur to the regional (medial iliac) lymph nodes and lungs, and they can seed the serosal surfaces of the abdomen.

Answer 68

A)Mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia ## Footnote → Highly prevalent in young intact female cats; likely caused by high concentrations of progesterone; proliferation of mammary ducts and stroma; spontaneous resolution is possible Frequent in young intact queens (\<2 y) Usually in the luteal phase of oestrus, early pregnancy or after progestin therapy. High concentrations of progesterone or progesterone-like substances are the common link. Progestogen treatment of an old neutered male or female can also induce this lesion. All mammae, only one mamma, or one mammary gland may be affected. _Histo:_ Mammary ducts have proliferated and are surrounded by abundant loosely arranged stromal tissues. Typically, cats with mammary hypertrophy are young and develop enlargement of one or several mammary glands in the spring. H&E stain.

Answer 69

→ Common in dogs; contains a mixture of cell types (epithelial and myoepithelial proliferation), with foci of cartilage and/or bone

Answer 70

→ Common in dogs; most often epithelial (carcinoma) or combined epithelial and myoepithelial (complex carcinoma) tumours; → Cats: Rare, but often highly malignant → Usually increased pleomorphism, higher numbers of mitotic figures

Answer 71

* Disorders of sexual development * Cryptorchism, testicular hypoplasia, spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head, ambiguous genitalia… * Disorders of the scrotum * Disorders of the vaginal tunic * Disorders of the testis and epididymis * Decreased size * Cryptorchism, hypoplasia, segmental aplasia, testicular atrophy/degeneration * Increased size (including masses) * Spermatic granuloma of epididymal head, epididymitis, orchitis, periorchitis, testicular neoplasia, torsion… * Disorders of the accessory genital glands * Disorders of the penis and prepuce * Developmental anomalies, haemorrhage/haematoma, inflammation, neoplasia

Answer 72

- Seminoma - Sertoli cell tumour - Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumour

Answer 73

E)Seminoma

Answer 74

→ The most common neoplasia in the aged stallion and the second most common canine testicular tumour; More prevalent in cryptorchid testes; White or pink-gray and firm Seminoma, testis, bisected and reflected section, dog. A, Note the pale pink to beige circumscribed homogeneous mass. The cut surface has a gelatinous texture and has bulged slightly on incision. The contralateral testis was atrophic _Histology:_ Seminoma, testis, bisected and reflected section, dog. B, Seminomas consist of round germinal cells with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses (not shown here). Note how the cells have filled and expanded the seminiferous tubules. Inset: Higher magnification of the neoplastic cells. Note the mitoses. Despite this “malignant” appearance, most are behaviourally benign. H&E stain.

Answer 75

Sertoli cell tumour ## Footnote → The third most common testicular neoplasia in the dog; \>50% are located in retained testes in the dog; About one third produce a feminising effect (via oestrogen or inhibin production); Firm, white, and lobulated by fibrous bands

Answer 76

→ The most common testicular tumour of the bull, dog, and cat; Can produce hormones (including oestrogenic substances); spherical, tan-to-orange, often with haemorrhage Interstitial cell tumour, testis, bisected and reflected section, dog. A, Note the well-demarcated, yellow-tan mass, which has bulged on incision. Such masses become haemorrhagic when they become large. Atrophy of an affected testis as the result of pressure is common when the tumour is large. B, Cells are arranged in packets surrounded by a fine fibrous stroma typical of endocrine cells. Their cytoplasm is pale, eosinophilic, and abundant and often has fine vacuoles. Mitoses are rare. H&E stain.

Answer 77

Epididymitis: - Very important in rams and dogs - Almost always affects the tail of the epididymis - Can cause secondary testicular degeneration/atrophy - Typically infectious

Answer 78

Spermatic granuloma: * Affects the head of the epididymis * Congenital disease of most species (non-infectious) → Blind-ended efferent ductules that fill with spermatozoa → spermatocele → spermatic granuloma * Can cause secondary testicular degeneration/atrophy

Answer 79

Spermatic granuloma Spermatic granuloma, head of the epididymis, dog, The head of the epididymis is tremendously enlarged because of spermatic granulomas (white-yellow masses). The body and tail of the epididymis (ventral) are small, as the spermatic granulomas have obstructed the flow of spermatozoa from the testis to the epididymis.

Answer 80

Epididymitis Epididymitis (Brucella ovis), tunic adhesions, epididymis, ram. Note the dramatic enlargement of the epididymis (left half of the image) and the adhesion of the parietal vaginal tunic to the visceral vaginal tunic around the affected epididymis.

Answer 81

* Mainly affecting the dog * Frequency: * Hyperplasia \> inflammation \> neoplasia Other: * Prostatic/paraprostatic cysts, squamous metaplasia, atrophy

Answer 82

Prostatic hyperplasia ## Footnote → Develops spontaneously in old dogs; in intact dogs; can be caused by both oestrogens (e.g. Sertoli cell tumour!) and androgens; usually uniform enlargement; can be cystic

Answer 83

Prostatitis → In older dogs, often together with prostatic hyperplasia, or in young dogs without hyperplasia; can be acute or chronic; abscesses can form; often caused by bacterial infection * Prostatitis, prostate, dog. A, Acute prostatitis, cut surface. The prostate is enlarged with oedema, and there are many white foci of inflammatory cells instead of the usually smooth red surface. Clinically, this condition is usually painful. * B, Acute prostatitis. Glands and interstitium contain large numbers of neutrophils. Most of these processes are of bacterial origin and develop after bacteria ascend the urethra. H&E stain

Answer 84

Prostatic carcinoma ## Footnote → The only prostatic neoplasia of importance in domestic animals; asymmetric and often only minimal prostatic enlargement; Metastasis is common * A Carcinoma, prostate, dog. A, Prostatic carcinomas are usually asymmetric and lobulated white-to-grey masses that expand the size of the gland and may compress the urethra (dysuria) and the colon (difficulty defecating, ribbon stools). * Hitso: C, Anaplastic prostatic epithelial cells arranged in acini (upper right) and solid lobules (lower left). Mitoses can be frequent in some cases. There also may be stromal or lymphatic invasion and desmoplasia (scirrhous response). H&E stain.

Answer 85

• * Oestrogen (e.g. Sertoli cell tumour!) can induce hyperplasia and/or squamous metaplasia * Normal epithelium of the ducts (transitional) and glandular acini (columnar) is replaced by stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium * Image attached - Prostate, squamous metaplasia. Functional Sertoli cell tumours that secrete oestrogen can induce hyperplasia and/or squamous metaplasia of the prostate gland. Normal epithelium of the prostatic ducts (transitional) and glandular acini (columnar) is replaced by stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium. H&E stain

Answer 86

* Primary neoplasias of the penis and prepuce are restricted to a few types and species affected: * Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) * Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma (horses, bulls, and dogs) * Sarcoids in horses * Metastatic neoplasias rarely affect penis or prepuce

Answer 87

Penile squamous cell carcinoma → Typically infiltrative growth; commonly firm (abundant fibrous tissue) and enlarged penis, often with ulceration * A - Squamous cell carcinoma, penis, ventral surface, horse (gelding). A, A very large ulcerated mass protrudes from the glans penis. The urethral opening is visible (arrow). * Histo: Neoplastic squamous epithelial cells are often arranged around “keratin pearls.” Mitoses are frequent (arrows). H&E stain.

Answer 88

Penile equine sarcoid ## Footnote → The sarcoid consists of an epidermal and dermal component. The hyperplastic epidermis has thin rete pegs that extend into the dermis. The dermis is thickened by proliferating fibroblasts and collagen - B - Sarcoid, skin, horse. B, Sarcoid. The sarcoid consists of an epidermal and dermal component. The hyperplastic epidermis has thin rete pegs that extend into the dermis (arrows). The dermis (D) is thickened by proliferating fibroblasts and collagen. H&E stain.

Answer 89

Inability to extrude the penis

Answer 90

Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce

Answer 91

Persistent erection

Answer 92

•Phallitis Inflammation of the penis •Balanitis Inflammation of the head (glans) of the penis •Posthitis Inflammation of the prepuce •Spermatocele Retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis distended with spermatozoa containing fluid

Answer 93

1.Establishment of genetic sex 2.Establishment of gonadal sex (modelling of embryonic gonadal tissue) 3.Establishment of phenotypic sex (early embryo: controlled regression and growth of the indifferent tubular and external genital tissues) → Disorders of sexual development are caused by abnormalities of genetic or chromosomal origin or inappropriate hormone exposure | (at fertilization)

Answer 94

* Hermaphroditism * Ambiguous genitalia, with part or all of the genital organs of both sexes present * True hermaphrodite: * Presence of both male and female gonadal tissue * Pseudohermaphrodite: * Presence of only a single type of gonadal tissue * → Male pseudohermaphrodite (with testes) * → Female pseudohermaphrodite (with ovaries)

Answer 95

Male pseudohermaphrodite Disorder of sexual development with testis, male pseudohermaphrodite, reproductive tract. A, Pig. A testis and epididymis are present on each side. Note the well-developed uterus, cervix, and vagina. No ovarian tissue is present

Answer 96

True hermaphrodite •Disorder of sexual development with ovotestis, true hermaphrodite, reproductive tract. A, Gilt, an ovotestis is on the left and a testis on the right. Note the well-developed uterus, cervix, and vagina.

Answer 97

Diagnosis: Ovary: Granulosa cell tumour

Answer 98

Diagnoses: * Right ovary: Ovarian carcinoma with pulmonary metastases * Bilateral severe ovarian cysts

Answer 99

Diagnoses: * Severe diffuse chronic endometritis with moderate cystic endometrial hyperplasia * Moderate pyometra

Answer 100

Diagnosis: Mammary carcinoma

Answer 101

Diagnosis: Mixed mammary tumour

Answer 102

Testicular teratoma

Answer 103

Testicular seminoma

Answer 104

Bilateral severe subacute suppurative-necrotizing epididymitis

Answer 105

Severe diffuse prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 106

Testicular seminoma

Answer 107

Severe subacute suppurative-necrotizing epididymitis

Answer 108

Disorder of sex development (DSD) (previous: intersex) → True hermaphrodite with presence of ovotestes and multiple associated developmental anomalies (freemartinism)

Answer 109

Testicular hypoplasia (From a dog with disorder of sexual development)