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PSYC3102 Psychopathology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Define the relativist view of concepts of abnormality

A

Symptoms and causes vary across cultures.

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2
Q

Define the absolutist view of concepts of abnormality

A

Disorder caused by some biological factors

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3
Q

4 parts of DSM-V

A

Clinical presentation
Developmental Stage
Eitiology (causes)
Functional impairment

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4
Q

What is drapetomonia?

A

Black slaves attempting to escape

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5
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population

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6
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in population in a time frame

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7
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of active cases in a population within a time frame

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8
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

More than one condition existing simultaneously

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9
Q

History of Psychopathology: Ancient world?

A

Hippocrates - Mania, Melancholia Phrenitis (brain fever). All caused an imbalance in fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

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10
Q

History of Psychopathology: Middle Ages?

A

Mental health the result of supernatural forces eg witches, devils

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11
Q

History of Psychopathology: Renaissance?

A

Paracelsus: stars and planets affected the brain
Weyer: First to specialise in treatment. London’s Bethlehem Hospital (bedlam) established and treatment included confinement, torture and medical (blood letting)

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12
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century Pinel?

A 
Classification system:
Melancholia
Mania
Mania with delirium
Dementia
Idiotism
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13
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century Kraepelin?

A 
Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia)
Manic Depression with psychosis
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14
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century syphilis

A

Discover of biological causes

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15
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century somatic treatments

A

1920’s/1930’s:
Fever therapy - injecting with malaria blood
Insulin coma - insulin injected to induce coma
Labotomy - severed frontal lobe

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16
Q

History of Psychopathology: psychoanalytic revolution

A

Mesmer: identified and treated hysteria with hypnosis
Breuer: Hypnosis and catharsis (talking)
Freud: Free association (no hypnosis)

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17
Q

History of Psychopathology: Biopsychosocial

A

Combines biological, psychological, social and environmental factors eg diathesis - stress framework

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18
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Manifestation of a pathological condition usually subjective

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19
Q

What is a syndrome?

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A

A group of symptoms that constitute a condition

20
Q

Describe the Rosenhan experiment

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A
  1. 8 pseudopatients faked symptoms and were not released for up to 6 months.
  2. Of 193 patients presented, 41 declared pseudo but none were.
21
Q

Types of assessment

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A

Projective: Rorsenach Test (inkblots), Thematic Apperception Tests (link pictures)
Personality Inventories: Minnesota MMPT (500 items), California Psych Inventory, Eysenck Personality
IQ
Neurological: Catscan
Behavioural: Observational
Self-report
Physiological: skin conductance, blood pressure

22
Q

Biomedical Model: Genetics as aetiology

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A
  1. Pedigree model: family history
  2. The classical twin study: If MZ>DZ genetic. If MZ=DZ then environmental
  3. Adoption studies
  4. Molecular genetics: studies of candidate genes (common alleles) and genome wide association stidies
23
Q

Biomedical Model: Biochemistry as aeitilogy

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A
  1. Serotonin - regulates behaviour, mood and thought. Reduced serotonin leads to aggression, suicide, impulse overeating and hyper sexual behaviour. Drug: Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin specific uptake inhibitors eg prozac
  2. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GAMA) - inhibits behaviours and emotions, reduced overall arousal. Drug:Benzodiazepines cause increased attachment of GABA to receptors.
  3. Noradrenalin - secreted by adrenal glans and circulates in CNS: Hindbrain controls basic bodily functions eg respiration ad activates alarm response
  4. Dopamine - merge and cross with seratonin circuits relaying messge to control movements and thought processes eg in Parkinsons dopamine cells are damaged
24
Q

What does serotonin affect?

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A

Regulates behaviour, mood and thought

25
What does reduced serotonin cause?
aggression, suicide, impulse overeating and hyper sexual behaviour.
26
What drugs affect serotonin?
Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin specific uptake inhibitors eg prozac
27
What does GAMA affect?
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GAMA) - inhibits behaviours and emotions, reduced overall arousal.
28
What drugs affect GAMA?
Benzodiazepines cause increased attachment of GABA to receptors.
29
What does Noradrenalin affect?
Secreted by adrenal glans and circulates in CNS: Hindbrain controls basic bodily functions eg respiration ad activates alarm response
30
What does Dopamine affect ?
Dopamine - merge and cross with seratonin circuits relaying messge to control movements and thought processes eg in Parkinsons dopamine cells are damaged
31
Biomedical Model: Neuroanatamy as aetiology
Hindbrain: bodily functions in sustaining life and sleep regulation Midbrain: Regulation of motor activities (fighting and sex) and sleep Forebrain: Sensory emotional and cognitive functioning and limbic system
32
Biomedical Model: Endocrine system as aetiology
Organs produce hormones to regulate physiological processes and coordinate internal process with external events. Prolonged stress caused dysfunction. HYPAC Axis: hypothalamus and endocrine interact to control stress reactions. Pituitary gland: Increase in adrenaline or cortisol (stress hormone).
33
Describe Psychodynamic Model formation
Traumatic experience leads to defense mechanisms and symptoms
34
Describe Psychodynamic Model treatment
Free association leads to recovery of material and awareness and interpretation.
35
Describe Psychodynamic Oral stage including year, cause and symptoms
0 - 1.5 years Mouth Deprivation and force feeding Leads to smoking and aggression
36
Describe Psychodynamic Anal stage including year, cause and symptoms
1 to 3 years Anus - feces Too harsh or too lax toilet training Leads to obsessiveness, tidiness and meanness
37
Describe Psychodynamic Phalic stage including year, cause and symptoms
2 to 6 years Penis - masturbation Abnormal family set up Leads to vanity, sexual anxiety, envy
38
Describe Psychodynamic Latent stage including year, cause and symptoms
5 to 12 years | No sexual motivation
39
Describe Psychodynamic Genital stage including year, cause and symptoms
11 to 20 years | Penis and vagina intercourse
40
According to Psychodynamic what are the 3 parts of personality
1. ID: Motivated by biological needs 2. EGO: Motivated by reality - keeps us safe 3. SUPEREGO: conscience (right from wrong) and ego ideal is the perfect view of ourselves
41
Who are Neo Fruedians and beliefs
Jung: Less biological needs, but spiritual Erikson: children and development is a result of us being social beings and interaction
42
Describe Humanistic Model
Carl Rogers developed client centres therapy based on Acceptance, Congruence and Understanding. Abnormal behaviour is caused by a basic need for positive regard from significant others and without this we distress.
43
Describe 3 Behavioural Models
1. Classical conditioning: Pavlov - systematic desensitization, aversion therapy and exposure therapy. 2. Operant conditioning: Skinner - positive reinforcement, extinctions, token economies, behavioural activation, reengagement with rewards. 3. Observational learning: Bandura - social skills training (role play).
44
Cognitive Theories
Event->Belief->Consequence Ellis 10 irrational beliefs "I must be loved by everyone" Beck's Automatic Negative Thoughts eg arbitrary inference and overgeneralising
45
What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy?
Goal psychological flexibility, functional contextualism, relational frame theory, Post sknnerian contextual theory.
46
Describe Diathese-Stress Model
Diathese: Genes, Biological characteristics and psychological traits. Stressors: Environmental trauma, economic adversity, loss of loved ones, harsh family background Results in mental disorders.

PSYC3102 Psychopathology (12 decks)

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