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Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Eponyms

A

Terms incorporating names of people. Trying to move from it but might need to know for clinical

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing upright.
Head, gaze, and toes directed forward.
Arms adjacent to sides. Palms facing anterior ley.
Lower limbs close together and feet parallel

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3
Q

Median plane

A

Vertical anterioposterior plane passing longitudinally through mid lines of head, neck and trunk.

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4
Q

Sagittal

A

Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane.

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5
Q

Frontal / coronal

A

Vertical plane passing through body at right angles to median plane

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6
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane passing through body at right angles to median and frontal planes

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7
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to surface

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8
Q

Deep

A

Further from surface

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9
Q

Posterior / dorsal

A

Nearer to back

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10
Q

Interior / ventral

A

Nearer to front.

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

Superior foot surface

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12
Q

Plantar

A

Inferior foot surface (sole)

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13
Q

Vertex

A

Topmost point of cranium

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14
Q

Caudal

A

Toward foot/ tail region

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15
Q

Rostral

A

Used instead of anterior when describing parts of brain

Latin for beak

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16
Q

Dorsum

A

Refers to superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from body.

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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18
Q

Contra lateral

A

Opposite sides of body

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19
Q

Flexion

A

Bending / decreasing angle between bones/ parts of body

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20
Q

Extension

A

Straightening / increasing angle between bones / body parts

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21
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at ankle joint.

Flexing foot.

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22
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Flexion at ankle joint.

Pointing toes

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23
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from medial plane

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24
Q

Adduction

A

Moving toward median plane.

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25
Q

Lateral flexion

Lateral bending.

A

Special forms of abduction for only neck and trunk.

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26
Q

Circumduction.

A

Circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.
Foot in circle

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27
Q

Rotation

A

Turning/ revolving part of body around a longitudinal axis.

Turning head to face sideways.

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28
Q

Medial rotation

A

Brings anterior surface of limb closer to median plane

Duck walk.

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29
Q

Lateral rotation

External rotation

A

Takes anterior surface away from medial plane

Pigeon toed

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30
Q

Pronation

A

Rotates radius medically so palm faces posteriorly

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31
Q

Supination

A

Rotates radius laterally

Palm faces anteriorly.

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32
Q

Eversion

A

Moves sole of foot away from median plane, turning sole laterally.
Fully everted and dorsiflexed

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33
Q

Inversion

A

Moves sole of foot toward median plane

Fully inverted > plantar flexed.

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34
Q

Opposition

A

Movement which pad of 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit
Pinch.

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35
Q

Reposition

A

Describes movement of 1st digit from opposition to its anatomical position.

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36
Q

Protrusion

A

Movement anteriorly

Protruding lips

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37
Q

Retrusion

A

Movement posterioly

Returning tongue

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38
Q

Protraction

A

Anterolateral movement of scapula

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39
Q

Retraction

A

Posteromedial movement of scapula

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40
Q

Elevation

A

Raises/ moves part superiorly

Shrug shoulders.

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41
Q

Depression

A

Lowers/ moves part inferiority

Upper eyelid closes.

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42
Q

Congenital anomaly

Birth defect

A

Variation often evident at birth or soon afterward due to aberrant form or function.

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43
Q 
Skin functions 
(6)
A 
Provides protection from environment
Containment for body structures and organs
Prevent dehydration
Thermal regulation
Sensation
Synthesis and storage of vitamin d
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44
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Superficial cellular layer
Dermis

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45
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized epithelium.
No blood vessels or lymphatic
Nourished by dermis
Few nerve terminals penetrate epidermis

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46
Q

Dermis

A

Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
Provide skin tone and strength of skin
Predominant pattern of collagen fibers determines characteristic tension lines
Supplied by arteries, enter deep surface to form plexus
Most nerve terminals housed here.
Sensitive to touch, pain, irritation, and temperature

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47
Q

Tension line
Cleavage lines
Langer lines

A

Spiral longitudinally in limbs and run transversely in neck and trunk.
Determined by predominant pattern of collagen fibers.

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48
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Between dermis and underlying deep fascia.
Composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat.
Contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves.
Provides most of body’s fat storage. (Varies in sites and persons)

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49
Q

Skin ligaments

A

Numerous small fibrous bands extend through subcutaneous tissue and attach deep surface of dermis to deep fascia.

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50
Q

Erythema

A

Abnormally red skin.
Capillaries engorged.
Can be due to skin injury, exposure to excess hear, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction

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51
Q

Superficial lacerations

A

Penetrate epidermis and maybe superficial dermis.

Bleed but don’t interrupt continuity of dermis

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52
Q

Deep laceration

A

Penetrate deep layer, extending into subcutaneous tissue or beyond
Gape and require approximation of cut edges of dermis (suturing) to minimize scarring

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53
Q

Superficial burn

A

Damage is limited to the epidermis
Symptoms include erythema, pain, edema, desquamation of superficial layer. Layer quickly replaced from basal layer without scarring.

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54
Q

Partial thickness burn

A

Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering or loss.
Nerve endings damaged.
Sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged and can provide source of replacement cells for basal layer of epidermis
Healing occurs slowly (3 weeks to several months) leaving some scarring and some contracture but usually complete.

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55
Q

Full thickness burn

A

Entire thickness of skin is damaged and often subcutaneous tissue too
Marked edema
Destroyed sensory endings.
Minor degree healing may begin at edges, but open ulcerated portions require skin grafting.

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56
Q

4th degree burn

A

Damage extends through entire thickness into underlying fascia, muscle or bone.
Life threatening.

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57
Q

Factors that increase risk of death from burn injury

A

Older than 60
Partial thickness and full thickness burns over 40% of body
Presence of inhalation injury

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58
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior head and neck

A

4.5%

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59
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior shoulders, arms, forearms and hands

A

9%

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60
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior thighs, legs and feet

A

18%

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61
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior trunk

A

18%

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62
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior right leg

A

9%

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63
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior and posterior head and neck

A

9%

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64
Q

Burn Percentages

Anterior and posterior arms, fore arms, and hands

A

18%

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65
Q

Burn percentages

Anterior and posterior trunk

A

36%

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66
Q

Burn percentages

Anterior and posterior thighs, legs and feet

A

36%

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67
Q

Burn percentages

Perineum

A

1%

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68
Q

Fascias

A

Constitute wrapping, packaging and insulating materials of deep structures of body.
Under subcutaneous tissue

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69
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense organized connective tissue layer
Devoid of fat.
Covers most of body parallel and deep to skin and subcutaneous tissue
Thickness varies in body (absent in face)

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70
Q

Fascial compartments

A

Groups of muscles with similar functions usually sharing same nerve supply house together.
Separated by inter muscular septa that extend from fascial sleeve to attach to bones

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71
Q

Retinaculum

A

Thick deep fascia near certain joints (wrist/ankle) to hold tendons in place where cross joint during flexion/extension.
Prevents shortcuts

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72
Q

Subserous fascia

A

Varying amounts of fatty tissue
Lies between internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes
Endothoracic fascia example

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73
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs of serous membrane. Normally collapsed.
Their walls contain thin film of lubricated fluid that is secreted by enclosed membranes.
When wall is interrupted at any point, become realized spaces
Enable one structure to move more freely over another

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74
Q

Subcutaneous bursae

A

Subcutaneous tissue between skin and bony prominence (elbow)

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75
Q

Subfascial bursae

A

Lies beneath deep fascia

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76
Q

Subtendinous bursae

A

Facilitate movement of tendons over bone

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77
Q

Synovial tendon sheaths

A

Specialized type of elongated bursae that wrap around tendons, usually enclosing them as they transverse osseofibrous tunnels that anchor tendons in place.

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78
Q

Visceral layer

A

Inner layer of serous sac

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79
Q

Parietal later

A

Outer layer closest to body wall

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80
Q

Cartilage

A

Resilient semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of skeleton where more flexibility is required.
A

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81
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Provides smooth low friction gliding surfaces for free movement.
On articulating surfaces of bones in synovial joint

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82
Q

Bone

A

Highly specialized hard form of connective tissue

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83
Q

Bone functions

5

A 
Support for body 
Protection for vital organs
Mechanical basis for movement
Storage for slats 
Continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by marrow)
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84
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue covering surrounding bone.
Nourishes external aspects of skeletal tissue. Capable of laying down more cartilage or nome. Provide attachment point for tendon and ligaments

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85
Q

Perichondrium

A

Connective tissue surrounding cartilage
Nourshed external aspects of skeletal tissue. Capable of laying down more cartilage
Provides attachment points for tendons/ ligaments

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86
Q

Compact bone

A

Provides strength for weight bearing.

In long bones greatest near middle of shaft where bones are liable to buckle.

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87
Q

Capitulum

A

Small around articular head

88
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded knuckle like articular area.

Often in pairs

89
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

90
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior/ adjacent to condyle

91
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where bone articulates with another

92
Q

Foramen

A

Passage through bone

93
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow/depressed area

94
Q

Groove

A

Elongated depression/furrow

95
Q

Head

A

Large round articular end

96
Q

Line/ridge

A

Linear elevation

97
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded process

98
Q

Neck

A

Relatively narrow portion proximal to head

99
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at edge of bone

100
Q

Process

A

Extension/projection serving particular purpose or having characteristic shape or extending in particular direction

101
Q

Protuberance

A

Bulge/ projection of bone

102
Q

Shaft

A

Diaphysis / body of long bone

103
Q

Spine

A

Thorn like process

104
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation

105
Q

Trochlea

A

Spool like articular process. Process that acts as a pulley

106
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded elevation

107
Q

Processes bone develops

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

Histology same by either process

108
Q

Intramembranous ossification

Membranous bone formation

A

Mesenchymal bones form during embryonic period and direct ossification of mesenchyme begins in fetal period

109
Q

Endochondral ossification

Cartilaginous bone formation

A

Cartilage models of bones form from mesenchyme during fetal period and bone subsequently replaces more of cartilage

110
Q

Haversian systems

A

House small blood vessels so blood reaches osteocytes in compact bone.

111
Q

Accessory bones

A

Develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones.
Fail to fuse with main bone and gives appearance of extra bone.
Common in foot

112
Q

Heterotropic vones

A

Bones sometimes form in soft tissue where not normally present.
Horse riders in thigh

113
Q

Reduction of fracture

A

Broken ends brought back together to approximate original position

114
Q

Steps to bone healing

A

Fibroblasts proliferate and secrete collagen
Which form collar of callus that holds bones together
Bone remodeling occurs
Callus calcifies
Eventually callus is resorbed and replaced by bone

115
Q

Green stick fracture

A

Incomplete breaks caused by bending of bones

116
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduction in quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue.
During aging process organic and inorganic components decrease and bones become more brittle, lose elasticity and fracture easily

117
Q

Lines of arrested growth

A

Proliferation of cartilage at metaphysis
Slows down during starvation/illness but degeneration of cartilage cells continues. Produces dense line of provisional calcification.
Lines later become bone with thickened trabeculae.

118
Q

Differences between bone fractures and displaced epiphyseal plate

A

Edges of diaphysis and epiphysis are smoothly curved in region of epiphyseal plate.
Bone fractures leave sharp, uneven edge to bone injury.
In adults usually causes fracture but in child usually displacement of epiphyses.

119
Q

Synovial joints

A

United by joint capsule (fibrous layer) that encloses joint and contains synovial fluid.
Provides free movement between the bones they form.
Reinforced by accessory ligaments.

120
Q

Fibrous joints

A

United by fibrous tissue

Amount of movement depends on length of fibers uniting bones

121
Q

Classes of joints

Based on manner/type of material

A

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

122
Q

Sydesmosis joint

A

Unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue (either a ligament or fibrous membrane)
Partially moveable.
Ex: interosseous membrane in forearm that joins radius and ulna

123
Q

Dentó-alveolar syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint with a peg like process that fits into a socket
Ex: roots of tooth and alveolar process of jaw
Mobility means pathological state affecting supporting tissues

124
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

United by hyaline/ cartilage

125
Q

Primary cartilaginous joint

Synchondroses

A

Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Permits slight bending during early life
Usually temporary unions permit growth in long bone

126
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

Symphyses

A

Strong, slightly moveable joints joined by fibrocartilage
Ex: intervertebral disc
Provide shock absorption, strength and flexibility

127
Q

Joints classified according to shape and/or movement

A 
Plane
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Pivot
128
Q

Plane joints

A

Permit guiding/sliding movement
Opposed surfaces are flat/ nearly flat with limited movement by tight joint capsules
Ex: acromioclavicular joint

129
Q

Hinge joints

A

Permit flexion and extension only
Movements that occur in one plane around a single axis
Uniaxial joints
Joint capsule is thin and lac anteriorly and posteriorly where movement happens.
Bones are joined by strong lateral ligaments
Ex: elbow

130
Q

Saddle joints

A

Permit abduction and adduction, as well as flexion and extension and circumduction
2 axes at right angles
Biaxial joint
Ex: carpometacarpal joint

131
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Permit flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Movement in one (sagittal) plane is greater than other.
Circumduction is more restricted
Ex: metocarpopharyngeal joint

132
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Allow movement in multiple aces and planes
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction
Multiaxial joints
Spheroid also surface of one bone moves in socket of another
Ex: hip

133
Q

Pivot joint

A

Permits rotation around central axis
Uniaxial
Rounded process of bone rotates with in sleeve/ring
Ex: atlas and dens

134
Q

How do joints receive blood

A

Receive blood from articulate arteries from vessels around joint
Arteries often anastomose to form networks to ensure blood supply to and across joint in joint’s various positions

135
Q

Hutton law

A

States nerves supplying joint also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin covering distal attachments

136
Q

Where are pain fibers found in joints?

A

Pain fibers are numerous in fibrous layer of joint capsule and ligaments

137
Q

How is muscle length calculated

A

Distance between attachments

138
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Locomotion
Provide support and form
Provide heat

139
Q

Flat muscles

A

Parallel fibers often with aponeurosis

Ex: sartorius

140
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Feather like in arrangement of fascicles
Uni, bi or multipennate
Ex: rectus femoris, deltoid

141
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Spindle shaped with round thick belly and tapered ends

Ex: biceps brachii

142
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Arise from broad area and converge to form single tendon

Ex: pectoralis major

143
Q

Quadrate muscles

A

Have 4 equal sides

Ex: rectus abdominus

144
Q

Circular/ sphincteral muscles

A

Surround opening/orifice
Constricts when contracted
Ex: orbicularis oculi

145
Q

Multiheaded / multibellied

A

More than 1 head of attachment or more than 1 contractile body
Ex: triceps and gastrocnemius

146
Q

Muscle origin

A

Usually proximal end of muscle

Remains fixed during contraction

147
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Usually the distal end

Moveable

148
Q

Tonic contraction / muscle tone

A

Slight contraction. Not active resistance nor produces movement.
Gives firmness
Assists stability of joints while keeping ready to respond.

149
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle changes length > movement

150
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle length stays that same
No movement
Force is increased above tonic levels to resist gravity/ force
Ex: upright posture

151
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Type of isotonic contraction

Movement because of muscle shortening

152
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Type of isotonic contraction
Contracting muscle lengthens and undergoes controlled and gradual relaxation while continually exerting a diminishing force
Requires less metabolic energy at same load but with max contractions
Capable of generating higher tension levels

153
Q

Prime mover/ agonist

A

Main muscle responsible for specific movement
Contracts concentrically doing most of work required.
Usually only 1

154
Q

Fixator

A

Steadies proximal parts of limb through isometric contraption while movement occurs at distal parts

155
Q

Synergistic

A

Complements agonist directly
Directly - weak movement
Indirectly - as fixator of intervening joint when agonist passes over more than 1 joint

156
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes action of another.

Eccentrically contracts as agonist concentrically contracts.

157
Q

Shunt muscle

A

Acts to maintain contact between articulate surfaces of joint it crosses

158
Q

Spurt muscle

A

More oblique muscle lines

If pull is oriented towards the bone it moves it is more capable of rapid and efficient movement

159
Q

Skeletal striated muscle division

A

Cannot divide

Can be replaced by fiber derived from satellite cells.

160
Q

Pacemaker

A

ANS

161
Q

Cardiac muscle blood supply

A

Twice as rich as skeletal muscle because of high activity

162
Q

Cardiac cell division

A

Cells dont divide.
No equivalent of satellite cells
No new cardiac cells

163
Q

Smooth muscles locations

A 
In tunica media
In all vascularized tissue
In muscular Parts of alimentary tract
In skin - arector pili 
In eyeball - lens and pupils size
164
Q

Smooth muscle cells characteristics

A 
No striations
Directly innervated by ANS
Control initiated by hormones or local stimuli 
Delayed and leisurely contraction
Partial contraction can last longer
165
Q

Blood vessel layers

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

166
Q

Tunica intima

A

Single layer epithelial cells (epithelium)
Supported by delicate connective tissue
Inner lining of blood vessels
Capillaries are only this layer

167
Q

Tunic media

A

Middle layer of blood vessels
Smooth muscle
Varies in thickness

168
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Outer layer of blood vessels

Connective tissue

169
Q

Types of arteries

A

Large elastic / conducting arteries
Medium muscular / distributing arteries
Small arteries / arterioles

170
Q

Large elastic / conducting arteries

A

Many elastic layers in walls to expand to minimize pressure changes

171
Q

Why do arteries have many elastic layers in them?

A

To expand to minimize pressure changes as blood is pumped

Aorta, pulmonary trunk.

172
Q

Medium muscular / distributing arteries

A

Walls mainly smooth muscle fibers
Vasoconstriction ability - regulates blood flow
Pulsing contractions to propel blood to various parts
Brachial and femoral arteries

173
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel has the ability of vasoconstriction and why?

A

Medium muscular / distributing arteries because it is mainly made of smooth muscle fibers.

174
Q

What is the point of anastomoses in arteries?

A

The multiple branches create other pathways in case of a blockage

175
Q

True terminal arteries

A

Arteries that don’t anastomose with adjacent arteries

Retinal arteries

176
Q

Why do veins have a dark blue appearance

A

They return low oxygen blood

177
Q

What are some ways the body has to drive blood back to the heart

A 
AV pump
Accompanying veins
Valves
Valvular mechanism
Milking muscles
178
Q

Blood from distal limbs is usually colder than from the heart, how does the body warm it?

A

Arteries are surrounded by veins in branching network. Works as countercurrent heat exchanger.

179
Q

How do medium veins make it easier for musculovenous pump to overcome force of gravity to return blood to heart?

A
  1. Venous valves - when valvular sinuses are full valves close over lumen preventing back flow
  2. Valvular mechanism - breaks columns of blood into shorter segments, reducing back pressure
180
Q

What is special about the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygen rich blood to heart

181
Q

Is the tunica media thinner in arteries or veins

A

Veins. Tunica media is mainly elastic fibers that expand to minimize pressure changes - more relevant in arteries because of pumping.

182
Q

Vein sizes

A

Venues
Medium
Large

183
Q

Venues

A

Smallest
Unnamed
Unite to form venous plexuses
Drain capillary beds

184
Q

Medium veins

A

Drain venous plexuses

Have valves

185
Q

Venous valves

A

Passive cusps/ flaps of endothelium with valvular sinuses that fill from above.

186
Q

Large veins characteristics

A

Wide longitudinal smooth muscle and well developed tunic adventitia

187
Q

What are differences between arteries and veins besides the valves?

A

Veins are more abundant than arteries, their walls are thinner but their diameters are larger.

188
Q

Why do veins have thin walls

A

Thin walls allow for expansion. So blood can return to heart when impeded by compression or internal pressure such as the valsalva maneuver

189
Q

Percentages of blood in arteries vs veins

A

20% of blood in arteries

80% of blood in veins

190
Q

Accompanying veins

A

Multiple veins around deep artery
Surround in irregular branching network.
Serves as countercurrent heat exchanger

191
Q

Arteriovenous pump

A

Accompanying veins are in unyielding vascular sheath. As artery expands during heart contraction the veins stretch and flatten, aids in driving blood back to the heart

192
Q

What is muscle milking

A

Expansion of skeletal muscle compresses veins.

193
Q

Capillaries

A

Simple endothelial tubes connecting vein and artery sides.

Allow exchange of materials with extracellular fluid.

194
Q

The starling hypothesis is largely accepted and explains how the exchange happens in the capillary bed. Explain.

A

Hydrostatic pressure in arterioles forces blood through the capillary bed and forces fluid containing oxygen, nutrients, and cellular materials out of blood at arterial end (upstream).
Downstream at venous end most of the ECF (with waste and carbon dioxide) is reabsorbed into blood as a result of osmotic pressure from higher concentration of proteins.

195
Q

Arteriovenular anastomoses

A

Sites of communication
Direct communication between small arterioles and venules proximal to capillary beds
Permit blood to pass directly from artery to vein without going through the capillary.

196
Q

Portal venous system

A

Venous system linking 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart
Hepatic portal system

197
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Venous system of nutrient rich blood passes capillary beds of alimentary tract to capillary beds of liver
Portal venous system

198
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Form of arteriosclerosis buildup of fat in arterial walls, calcium deposits
For as atheromatous plaque on intimal surfaces of arteries - thrombosis, embolus
Consequences - ischemia, infarction

199
Q

What are varicose veins, and what contributes to them?

A

As get older veins lose elasticity and become weak
Abnormally twisted swollen twisted vein.
Valve cusps are destroyed by inflammation or they don’t meet (incompetent valves) - column of blood is unbroken > more pressure more problems
Incompetent fascia - incapable of containing expansion of contracting muscles > musculovenous pump is ineffective

200
Q

Edema

A

Excess interstitial fluid that manifests as swelling

201
Q

What would happen if there was no lymphatic system

A

Fluid that failed to be reabsopred by the capillaries would accumulate. Reverse osmosis would occur, and more fluid would enter the extracellular space resulting in edema

202
Q

Lymphatic plexuses

A

Networks of lymphatic capillaries that originate in extracellular space of most tissues.

203
Q

Why can bigger things such as bacteria, plasma proteins, cell debris, or even whole cells enter lymphatic capillaries but not blood capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries are made of highly attenuated endothelium, lacking a basement membrane.

204
Q

Lymphatic vessels / lymphatics

A

Thin walled vessels with abundant valves to drain lymph from capillaries
Vessels bulge where the valves are, giving a beaded appearance

205
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Large collecting vessels receive lymph from multiple lymph vessels

206
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels not found?

A

Lymphatic vessels are found everywhere except for teeth , bone marrow, bone, and CNS.

207
Q

Since there are no lymphatic vessels in the CNS where does excess fluid go?

A

Excess tissues fluid of the CNS drains into the CSF

208
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid that enters the lymph capillaries.
Usually clear, watery and slightly yellow
Similar to blood plasma

209
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small masses of lymph tissue located along course of lymph vessels through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system.

210
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Circulating cells of immune system that react against foreign materials

211
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

Parts of the body that produce lymphocytes
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Tonsils
Solitary and aggregated lymphoid nodules in alimentary tract
Appendix

212
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels

A

More numerous than veins in subcutaneous tissue.
Anastomose freely.
Converge toward and follow venous drainage
Drain into deep lymphatic vessels

213
Q

Deep lymphatic vessels

A

Accompany arteries and receive the drainage of internal organs

214
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Contains lymph from body’s right upper quadrant
Right side of head, neck, thorax and right upper limb.
At foot of neck enters junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins at right venous angle

215
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Drains lymph from remainder of body lymphatic trunks draining lower half of body merge in abdomen, sometimes form dilated collecting sac or cistena chyli
From sac or merger, thoracic duct ascends into and through the thorax to enter left venous angle.

Anatomy (12 decks)

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