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Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Divides arm into compartments

A

Intermuscular septa.

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2
Q

Innervation: Ant. shoulder

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nn.
Long thoracic nn.
Subclavian nn.

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3
Q

Innervation: Posterior shoulder

A

Axillary nn.
Upper and Lower Subscapular nn.
Suprascapular nn.

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4
Q

Innervation: Ant. Arm

A

Musculocutaneous nn.

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5
Q

Innervation: Posterior arm

A

Radial nn.

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6
Q

Innervation: Ant. Forearm

A

Median and ulnar nn.

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7
Q

Innervation: Posterior Forearm

A

Radial nn.

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8
Q

Innervation: Ant. Hand

A

Median and Ulnar nn.

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9
Q

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

A

Lesion of the C5-6 Nerve roots
Paralysis of abductors and lateral rotators of the shoulder
Paralysis of elbow flexors and forearm supinators

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10
Q

Klumpke Paralysis

A

Lesion of C8-T1
Loss of intrinsic muscle of the hand (flexors with weakness to the extrinsic hand flexors, especially those innervated by the ulnar nerve.

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11
Q

Horner Syndrome

A

Loss of sympathetics from T1

Miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis

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12
Q

Nerves relevant to scapulohumeral rhythm

A

Axillary nn.
Suprascapular nn.
Long thoracic nn.
CN XI nn. (Accessory nerve)

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13
Q

Arm abductors

A

Deltoid

Supraspinatus

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14
Q

Rotators of the scapula

A

Serratus anterior

Trapezius

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15
Q

Quadrangular space

A

Contains axillary nerve and post. Humeral circumflex artery.
Bordered by humerus, long head of triceps, teres minor, teres major

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16
Q

Triangular interval

A

Contains radial nerve and deep brachial artery

Bordered by lateral head of triceps, long head of triceps, teres major

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17
Q

Triangular space

A

Contains scapular circumflex artery.

Bordered by long head of triceps, teres minor, teres major.

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18
Q

Cubital Fossa

A

Contains division of brachial artery, median and radial nerves, biceps tendon
Bordered by brachioradialis, pronator teres, medial and lateral epicondyles

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19
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

Contains median nerve, tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flex. Digit. Profundus, and flx. Pollicis longus.

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20
Q

At the cubital fossa, the brachial artery branches into the…

A

Radial and ulnar arteries.

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21
Q

Allen’s Test

A

Test for collateral circulation between ulnar and radial arteries.

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22
Q

Limb primordia

A

Paraxial mesoderm- muscle tissue

Lateral plate mesoderm- somatic mesoderm, mesenchyme, cartilage, bone, connective tissue and blood vessels.

23
Q

Nerve Primordia of the limb

A

Neural Crest: Afferents and myelination

Neural Tube: Efferents

24
Q

AER

A

Apical Ectodermal ridge

25
Q

ZPA

A

Zone of polarizing activity

26
Q

SHH

A

Sonic Hedgehog

27
Q

FGF

A

Fibroblast Growth Factors

28
Q

HOX

A

Homeobox Domain Genes

29
Q

BMP

A

Bone Morphogenic Proteins

30
Q

Wnt7a

A

Wingless/Int-1 gene

31
Q

En1

A

Engrailed-1

32
Q

Players in the anterior posterior gradient formation

A

FGF10 from mesenchyme stimulates the AER to form as an outgrowth. The AER then produces FGF8, which stimulates the formation of the ZPA at the posterior aspect.
ZPA then releases SHH to form gradient across the bud. Gradient dictates what bones form.

33
Q

Amelia

A

Complete absence of limbs caused by suspension of limb development

34
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra fingers

35
Q

Preaxial Polydactyly

A

Two thumbs

36
Q

Post-axial polydactyly

A

Two sets of fingers 2-5.

37
Q

Bradydactyly

A

Toe thumbs. Generally a HOXD13 mutation.

38
Q

Interdigital mesenchyme

A

Should undergo apoptosis. Triggered by SHH signaling mediated by Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP)

39
Q

Syndactyly

A

Webbed fingers or toes

40
Q

Proximal/Distal Gradient is formed by…

A

Proliferation zone (PZ) located along the AER. Produces FGF8, which supports cells division in the PZ. As the PZ continues to elongate, the regions behind begin to differentiate according to distance. Position relative to the AER determines HOXD expression.

41
Q

HOXD gene layout in the arm

A 
Scapular- HOXD9
Humerus- HOXD10
Forearm- HOXD11
Wrist- HOXD12
Hand- HOXD13
42
Q

Meromelia

A

Partial absence of limbs. Can be terminal (hands) or intercalary (parts)
Phocomelia is hands present, proximal parts missing.
Hemimelia, is missing one or more zeugopod bones

43
Q

Stylopod

A

The brachium

44
Q

Zeugopod

A

The antebrachium

45
Q

Autopod

A

The hand and wrist

46
Q

Dorsal Ventral Gradient

A

As the limb bud elongates, WNT7a is expressed in dorsal, EN1 expressed in ventral. They repress each other to create a dorsal/ventral gradient.

47
Q

Limb Rotation

A

Upper limbs rotates 90 degrees laterally. Lower limbs rotate 90 degrees medially.

48
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

By the 5th and 6th week, cartilaginous bone structures have formed in the limbs.

49
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Begins in week 7. Ossification centers are present in all bones by week 12.

50
Q

Growth plate

A

Cartilaginous area without complete ossification between the epiphyses and diaphyses in all bones. These close as a person ages.

51
Q

Hypochondroplasia
Achondroplasia
Chondrodysplasis

A

Dwarfism forms.
Caused by mutation in FGF receptor 3 gene that assists in making collagen. Problem with either making cartilage or turning it into bone. Growth plates fuse prematurely.

52
Q

Muscle development

A

Week 5, motor axons invade limb buds along with myoblasts from the somites. Form ventral and dorsal muscle masses.

53
Q

Dermatome development

A

Sensory axons enter the limb bud mesenchyme after the motor axons, derived from the neural crest. Sensroy nerves envelope in the epidermis, pulled out along the ventral axis in a pre/post axial configuration

Anatomy (12 decks)

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