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Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on CELLS

A

Viruses: No
Bacteria: Yes
Fungi: Yes
Protozoa and Helminths: Yes

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2
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on APPROXIMATE DIAMETER

A

Viruses: 0.02 - 0.2
Bacteria: 1 - 5
Fungi: 3-10 (yeasts)
Protozoa and Helminths: 15-25 (trophozoites)

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3
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on NUCLEIC ACID

A

Viruses: Either DNA or RNA
Bacteria: Both DNA and RNA
Fungi: Both DNA and RNA
Protozoa and Helminths: Both DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on TYPE OF NUCLEUS

A

Viruses: None
Bacteria: Prokaryotic
Fungi: Eukaryotic
Protozoa and Helminths: Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on RIBOSOMES

A

Viruses: Absent
Bacteria: 70S
Fungi: 80S
Protozoa and Helminths: 80S

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6
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on MITOCHONDRIA

A

Viruses: Absent
Bacteria: Absent
Fungi: Present
Protozoa and Helminths: Present

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7
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on NATURE OF OUTER SURFACE

A

Viruses: Protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope
Bacteria: Rigid wall containing peptidoglycan
Fungi: Rigid wall containing chitin
Protozoa and Helminths: Flexible membrane

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8
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on MOTILITY

A

Viruses: None
Bacteria: Some
Fungi: None
Protozoa and Helminths: Most

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9
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on METHOD OF REPLICATION

A

Viruses: Not binary fission
Bacteria: Binary fission
Fungi: Budding or mitosis2
Protozoa and Helminths: Mitosis3

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10
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on PEPTIDOGLYCAN

A

Gram-Positive Cells: Thicker; multilayer

Gram-Negative Cells: Thinner; single layer

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11
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on TEICHOIC ACIDS

A

Gram-Positive Cells: Yes

Gram-Negative Cells: No

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12
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

A

Gram-Positive Cells: No

Gram-Negative Cells: Yes

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13
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on PERIPLASMIC SPACE

A

Gram-Positive Cells: No

Gram-Negative Cells: Yes

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14
Q

What are the step of Gram Staining?

A

Step 1: Primary Stain –> Crystal Violet
Step 2: Mordant –> Iodine
Step 3: Decolorizing Agent –> Acetone
Step 4: Counterstain –> Safranin

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15
Q

What are the bacteria NOT seen in Gram Stain?

A

MYCOBACTERIAE –> too much lipid in cell wall so dye cannot penetrate –> Acid fast stain
SPIROCHETES –> Too thin to see –> Darkfield Microscopy
MYCOPLASMA SPP. –> No cell wall; very small –> None (serologies)
LEGIONELLA SPP. –> Poor uptake of red counterstain –> Silver Stain
CHLAMYDIAE –> Intracellular; very small –> Inclusion Bodies
RICKETTSIAE –> Intracellular; very small –> Giemsa/Tissue Stains

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16
Q

Mnemonics-Bacteria Not seen in Gram Stain

A 
These Rascals May Microscopically LAck Color.
Treponema
Rickettsia 
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia
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17
Q

What are the Essential Components of Bacteria?

A

Cell Wall –> As described previously
Cytoplasmic Membrane –> Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols –> site of oxidative and transport enzymes
Ribosome –> RNA and Protein in 50S and 30S subunits –> Protein Synthesis
Nucleoid –> DNA –> Genetic Material
Mesosome –> Invagination of plasma membrane –> Participates in cell division and secretion
Periplasma –> Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane –> Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including b-lactamases

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18
Q

What are the Non-essential Components of Bacteria?

A

CAPSULE –> Polysaccharide –> Protects against phagocytosis
PILUS OR FIMBRIA –> Glycoprotein –> Attachment, conjugation, copulation
GLYCOCALYX –> Polysaccharide –> Mediates adherence to surfaces, biofilm
FLAGELLUM –> Protein –> Motility, Hantigen
SPORE –> Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid –> Resistance to heat, and chemicals
PLASMID –> DNA –> Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins
GRANULE –> Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates –> site of nutrients in cytoplasm

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19
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - OBLIGATE AEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: No Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Required

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20
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - MICROAEROPHILE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: No Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Required but at low levels (<.02 atm) only

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21
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - FACULATIVE ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Not required for growth but utilized when available

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22
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Not required and not utilized

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23
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - OBLIGATE ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: No Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Toxic

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24
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - OBLIGATE AEROBES

A

Nocardia, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Mycobacterium

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25
Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - MICROAEROPHILES
Streptococcus, Spirochetes (Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema), Campylobacter, Helicobacter
26
Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - FACULATIVE ANAEROBES
Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycoplasma
27
Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES
Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus
28
Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium
29
OBLIGATE AEROBES
``` Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen. Nocardia Neisseria Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bordetella / Brucella / B. cereus Legionella ```
30
OBLIGATES ANAEROBES
ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium
31
What happens in Conjugation?
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another --> Prokaryotic
32
What happens in Transduction?
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another --> Prokaryotic
33
What happens in Transformation?
Purified DNA taken up by a cell --> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
34
Normal Flora of Skin
Staphylococcus epidermides
35
Normal Flora of Nose
Staphylococcus aureus
36
Normal Flora of Mouth
Viridans streptococcus
37
Normal Flora of Dental plaque
Streptococcus mutan
38
OBLIGATES ANAEROBES
ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium
39
What happens in Conjugation?
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another --> Prokaryotic
40
What happens in Transduction?
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another --> Prokaryotic
41
What happens in Transformation?
Purified DNA taken up by a cell --> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
42
Normal Flora of Skin
Staphylococcus epidermides
43
Normal Flora of Nose
Staphylococcus aureus
44
Normal Flora of Mouth
Viridans streptococcus
45
OBLIGATE AEROBES
``` Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen. Nocardia Neisseria Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bordetella / Brucella / B. cereus Legionella ```
46
OBLIGATES ANAEROBES
ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium
47
What happens in Conjugation?
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another --> Prokaryotic
48
What happens in Transduction?
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another --> Prokaryotic
49
What happens in Transformation?
Purified DNA taken up by a cell --> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
50
Normal Flora of Skin
Staphylococcus epidermides
51
Normal Flora of Nose
Staphylococcus aureus
52
Normal Flora of Mouth
Viridans streptococcus
53
Normal Flora of Colon
Bacteroides , E-coli
54
Normal Flora of Vagina
Lactobacillus vaginallis , E-coli, Streptococcus agalactiae
55
Bacteria with IgA Protease
``` SHiNe My Gong Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenzae Neisseria Meningitidis Neisseria Gonorrheae ```
56
TOXIN: | Source
Exotoxin: gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria Endotoxin: gram-negative bacteria
57
TOXIN: | Secreted from cell
Exotoxin: Yes Endotoxin: No
58
TOXIN: | Chemistry
Exotoxin: Polypeptide Endotoxin: Lipopolysaccharide
59
TOXIN: | Location of Genes
Exotoxin: Plasmid or bacteriophage Endotoxin: Bacterial chromosome
60
TOXIN: | Toxicity
Exotoxin: High Endotoxin: Low
61
TOXIN: | Antigenicity
Exotoxin: High Endotoxin: Low
62
TOXIN: | Vaccines
Exotoxin: Toxoids used as vaccines Endotoxin: No vaccine available
63
TOXIN: | Heat Stability
Exotoxin: Destroyed rapidly at 60 C (EXCEPT staphylococcal enterotoxin) Endotoxin: Stable at 100 C for 1 hour
64
TOXIN: | Typical Diseases
Exotoxin: Tetanus, botulism Endotoxin: Meningococcemia
65
What is the MOA of | Diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, and pertussis toxin
ADP-ribosylation
66
What is the MOA of | Toxic shock syndrome toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin, and erythrogenic toxin
Superantigen
67
What is the MOA of | Tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin, lethal factor of anthrax toxin, and scalded skin toxin
Protease
68
What is the MOA of | Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
Lecithinase
69
All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan EXCEPT
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
70
All gram-positive bacteria have NO endotoxin EXCEPT
Listeria monocytogenes
71
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT
Bacillus anthracis
72
All exotoxins are heat-labile EXCEPT
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
73
What Culture media is used for Various gram-positive cocci?
Blood Agar | Determines pattern of hemolysis
74
What Culture media is used for Various enteric gram-negative rods?
MacConkey and Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) | Selects against gram-positive bacteria and differentiates between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters
75
What Culture media is used for Various enteric gram-negative rods?
Triple sugar iron (TSI) | Distinguishes lactose fermenters from nonfermenters and H2S producers from nonproducers
76
What Agar is used for Clostridium perfringens?
EGG YOLK
77
What Agar is used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
TELLURITE
78
What Agar is used for Group D Sreptococci?
BILE ESCULIN
79
What Agar is used for Staphylococci?
MANNITOL SALTS
80
What Agar is used for N, meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae from sterile sites?
CHOCOLATE
81
What Agar is used for N. gonorrhoeae from nonsterile sites?
THAYER-MARTIN
82
What Agar is used for Haemophilus influenzae?
CHOCOLATE + FACTORS X and V
83
What Agar is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Lowenstein-Jensen
84
What Agar is used for Vibrio cholerae?
Thiosulfate citrate bile salts (TCBS)
85
What Agar is used for bordetella pertussis?
Bordet-Gengou
86
What Agar is used for Legionella pneumophila?
Charcoal-yeast extract
87
What Agar is used for Campylobacter, Helicobacter?
Skirrows
88
What Agar is used for Borrelia burgdorferi?
Barbour-Stoenner-kelly (BSK)
89
What Agar is used for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Eaton
90
What Agar is used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Cetrimide
91
What Agar is used for Salmonella, Shigella?
Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD)
92
What Agar is used for Leptospira interrogans?
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) / Fletcher's
93
Mnemonics | Digeorge Syndrome
``` CATCH-22 Cardiact defect (TOF) Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia 22q11.2 chromosomal deletion ```
94
Mnemonics | Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome
``` How do you TIE a WASP? Thrombocytopenia Infections Eczema WASP mutation (actin filament) ```
95
Mnemonics | Ataxia Telangiectasia
ATI Ataxia Telangiectasia IgA deficiency
96
Primary Immunodeficiency | B cell
``` Bacteria: Yes Viruses: Yes Fungi: No Protozoa: Yes Brutyon's XLA, IgA deficiency ```
97
Primary Immunodeficiency | T cells
``` Bacteria: No Viruses: Yes Fungi: Yes Protozoa: Yes Di George Syndrome ```
98
Primary Immunodeficiency | B cells and T cells
``` Bacteria: Yes Viruses: Yes Fungi: Yes Protozoa: Yes SCID, WAS, AT ```
99
Primary Immunodeficiency | Phagocytes
``` Bacteria: Yes Viruses: No Fungi: Yes Protozoa: No CGD, LAD, Chediak Higashi ```
100
Primary Immunodeficiency | Complement
``` Bacteria: Yes (Neisseria) Viruses: No Fungi: No Protozoa: No C5-C9 deficiency ```

Microbiology (8 decks)

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