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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Introduction to Immunity and Hematopoeisis (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunity and Hematopoeisis (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two arms of the immune system?

A

adaptive

innate

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

the frontline of defense

active the first time you contact an antigen; fights off antigen enough to allow adaptive immune response to develop

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

specific components of immune system

memory response, B cells, T cells

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4
Q

When is innate immunity acquired

A

born with it and doesn’t change throughout life

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5
Q

What branch of the immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens

A

innate

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity

A

limited specificity and diversity

no memory

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7
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A

innate has no memory and is less specific

innate is present at birth and is unchanged throughout life, while adaptive develops with time

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8
Q

Why is it important that adaptive immunity be self limiting

A

prevent autoimmune events; avoids destroying healthy tissues

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9
Q

What are the two main components of adaptive immunity

A

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

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10
Q

When will innate and adaptive immunity be active

A

innate: immediately
adaptive: 10-14 days after innate response (when the antigen threshold is reached)

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11
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur throughout life span of an individual

A

begins in yolk sac, migrates to fetal liver and spleen and ultimately bone marrow

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12
Q

What can occur if hematopoiesis from bone marrow isn’t sufficient

A

can revert back to spleen and liver

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13
Q

Reverting hematopoiesis back to the spleen and liver can cause what

A

splenomegaly and hepatomegaly leading to rupture

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14
Q

What is a clinical example of reverting back to spleen or liver for hematopoiesis

A

Myelofibrosis

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15
Q

What does Myelofibrosis cause

A

bone marrow to turn into scar tissue thus preventing hematopoiesis

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16
Q

What type of cells initiate hematopoiesis in the bone marrow

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)

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17
Q

What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) develop into

A

all cells of the blood lineage (red and white)

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18
Q

What is a characteristic of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

A

self renewing

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19
Q

A patient is undergoing radiation treatment. How will this effect her PHSCs and immune cells

A

PHSC will be resistent due to slow turnover

immune cells would be sensitive as they divide more rapidly

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20
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK cells

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21
Q

What branch of immunity is NK cells involved with

A

innate immunity

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22
Q

What do myeloid stem cells generate

A

Red and white blood cells

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23
Q

A patient comes to the office with a bacterial infection. What type of blood cell will be elevated in this patient

A

neutrophil

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24
Q

What is the most common WBC

A

neutrophil

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25
When will a spike in eosinophils be seen
parasitic infection and allergies
26
What is a band cell
immature neutrophil
27
Why is it essential to match MHC in bone marrow transplants
to prevent graft rejection, donor cells may not recognize recipients cells as self
28
In what order will cells enter in an acute inflammatory response
neutrophils first monocytes second lymphocytes third
29
What does SCID stand for
severe combined immunodeficience
30
What causes SCID
no B cells or T cells (lack of adaptive immunity)
31
What is ADA deficiency
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
32
What does ADA lead to
SCID
33
How is ADA deficiency fixed
pull out stem cells, put in good copy of ADA gene using retrovirus, grow, infuse back into patient
34
How are lymphocytes differentiated
CD markers
35
What recognizes CD markers
monoclonal antibodies
36
Where will CD4 markers be found
T helper cells (TH)
37
Where will CD8 markers be found
T cytokine cells (TC)
38
Where will CD3 markers be found
All T cells
39
Where will CD14 markers be found
Macrophages
40
What markers are found on NK cells
CD16 and CD56
41
What markers will be found on B cells
CD19, 20, 21
42
Where will CD34 markers be found
Stem cells
43
Where will CD40 markers be found
antigen presenting cells
44
Where will CD40L marker be found
activated T helper cells
45
What are the lymphoid cells of the immune system
B cells T cells NK cells
46
What are the mononuclear cells of the immune system
macrophages granulocytes dendritic cells
47
What are the granulocytes of the immune system
neutrophils eosinophils basophils mast cells
48
What cell will be increased during a bacterial infection
neutrophils
49
When will there be a spike in lymphocytes
during viral and intracellular bacterial infections, fungal infections
50
When will monocytes spike
mononucleosis and listeria monocytogenes
51
What is the percentage of neutrophils
50-70
52
What is the percentage of lymphocytes
20-40
53
What is percentage of monocytes
1-6
54
What is the percentage of eosinophils
1-3
55
What is the percentage of basophils
<1
56
What is the number of RBC
5x 10^6
57
What is the number of platelets
2.5 x 10^5
58
What is the number of leukocytes
7.3x10^3
59
What will happen once a B cell comes in contact with Antigen
undergoes cell cycle enlarges differentiates into memory and effector cells
60
What are naive lymphocytes
resting cells that have not interacted with an antigen
61
What cell cycle phase are naive lymphocytes in
G0
62
How are lymphoid cells self limiting
if they do not find antigen within a month they will die off
63
Where do B lymphocytes complete development
bone marrow
64
What is the function of bound Ig on B cells
serves as receptor for antigen
65
What do B cells develop into
plasma cells and memory cells
66
What do all clonal progeny of B cells secrete
Ab molecules with the same Ag binding specificity
67
What cells secrete antibody
plasma cells
68
What are plasma cells
terminally differentiated B cells
69
Where do T cells mature
thymus
70
What is the purpose of T cells maturation in the thymus
learn how to identify self vs non self, if it cannot, the cell will be destroyed
71
What is the function of TCR on T cells
recognize Ag in association with a MHC molecule
72
What receptors will be found on a T helper cell
CD4 and CD3
73
What receptors will be found on the surface of cytotoxic T cells
CD8 and CD3
74
What are the two subsets of T lymphocytes
T helper cells | T cytokine cells
75
What is the function of CD4+ T cells
send signals to other cells to make them kill pathogens
76
What is the funciton of CD8+ t cells
kill the pathogen or infected cell
77
What antigen association to cytotoxic t cells recognize
Class 1 MHC (endogenous antigens)
78
Which type of T cell directly recognizes and kills target cells
cytotoxic t cells
79
What cell can perform the tasks of a cytotoxic T cell if it is not available
NK cells
80
What receptors are found on NK cells
Ab (CD16) ADCC
81
What will happen in an individual with Chediak-Higashi
increased incidence of lymphomas: due to no NK cells albinism: affects monocytes
82
What do NK cells have cytotoxic activity against
wide array of tumors
83
What is lacking in a NK cell
B and T cell markers and specific receptors for Ag
84
What type of cell will NK cells destroy
any cell that lacks class 1 MHC
85
What are NK cells derived from
lymphoid stem cells
86
Where are monocytes and macrophages found
monocytes- blood | macrophages- tissue
87
Where do monocytes develop
bone marrow
88
What occurs to monocytes after development
enter the blood where they further differentiate into mature monocytes
89
How do macrophages form
monocytes circulate in blood for 8 hours, then migrate to the tissue to mature into macrophages
90
What is the main job of a monocyte
phagocytose
91
Where is CD14 found
macrophages and monocytes
92
What are macrophages within connective tissue called
histiocytes
93
What are macrophages within the liver called
Kupfer cells
94
What are macrophages within the kidney called
mesangial cells
95
What are macrophages within the brain called
microglial cells
96
How is macrophage activity increased
activated by IFN gamma from T helper cell
97
How will an activated macrophage be different from a resting macrophage
increased phagocytic activity ability to activate TH cells higher levels of class 2 MHC on cell surface
98
What is the life cycle of a neutrophil
form in BM released into blood migrates 7-10 hours then to a home tissue where it has a lifespan of 3 days
99
What will be released from the BM in response to an infection
neutrophils: leukocytosis
100
What is the first cell to site of infection
neutrophils
101
What type of cell is involved in pus formation
neutrophils
102
How is pus formed
neutrophils die after phagocytosing pathogen, and then create pus
103
What cells are increased in an infection with a worm
eosinophils
104
What reaction are eosinophils involved in
type 1 hypersensitivity
105
What is contained within the granules of eosinophils
proteins that will kill parasites by damaging their membranes
106
WHat is the function of basophils
acts during allergies
107
What is contained within granules of basophils
histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factor
108
Where do mast cell precursors differentiate
when they leave blood and enter the tissue
109
When will mast cells be increased
allergies
110
What is the function of dendritic cells
antigen presenting after capturing Ag in the tissues, migrate to the blood or lymph and circulate to various lymphoid organs where they present Ag to T cells
111
What is expressed in high levels on dendritic cells
Class 2 MHC and B7
112
Where are follicular dendritic cells found
exclussively in follicles of lymph nodes
113
What is not expressed on follicular dendritic cells
class 2 MHC
114
What is the function of follicular dendritic cells
maintain the pool of memory cells, holds complexes of antigen and antibody on its surface for extended period of time, keeps memory of previous infections. allow memory pool to stay activated

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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