Non-Fermenters and Gram Negative Cocci (Exam 1) Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
How will pseudomonas aeruginosa appear on gram stain
A
gram negative rod
2
Q
What are the growth requirements for pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
temperature 4-42C
Aerobic
3
Q
Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found
A
ubiquitos
4
Q
What is significant about Pseudomonas aeruginosa capsule
A
alignate capsule
5
Q
What does the alignate capsule of pseudomonas aeruginosa form
A
biofilm
6
Q
What is the lactose fermentation of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
negative
7
Q
What is the glucose fermentation of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
glucose negative
8
Q
What is the most common infection in cystic fibrosis patients
A
pseudomonas aeruginosa
9
Q
Describe the mechanisms for motility in pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
flagella and pili
10
Q
What is the oxidase result of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
positive
11
Q
How are pseudomonas aeruginosa infections acquired
A
opportunistic or nosocomial infections
12
Q
What is the characteristic color of pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
green
13
Q
What is the characteristic smell of pseudomonas
A
artificial grape scent
14
Q
How will enterics oxidase test
A
positive
15
Q
What are common presentations of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
A
pneumonia
folliculitis
swimmers ear
corneal infections
16
Q
Who gets pneumonia pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
A
venitlators and CF patients
17
Q
How do you get pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitiis
A
hot tubs
18
Q
How do you get pseudomonas aeruginos ear inffections
A
spending a lot of time in water that is contaminated
19
Q
How do you get corneal infections of pseudomonas aeruginos
A
contact causes microscopic scratches in the cornea which allows microbes to enter
20
Q
What type of toxin is seen in pseudomonas
A
exotoxin A
21
Q
What is the MOA of the pseudomonas toxin
A
Ribosyl transferase; Ribosylates EF2 to inhibit protein synthesis which will then kill the cell
22
Q
What are siderophores
A
proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly that host cells and bring them back to the organism
23
Q
What enzyme helps pseudomonas move throughout the blood stream
A
elastase
24
Q
What is the funciton of elastase
A
degrades elastin and collagen
25
What does degredation of elastin and collagen result in
inactivates IgG
inactivates several complement components
inhibits neutrophil function
26
What type of capsule is seen in pseudomonas aeruginosa
alignate
27
What is the function of having an aliginate capsule
contributes to biofilm formation
28
How will phenotypes of pseudomonas aeruginosa change in vivo and in vitro
fresh isolates are mucoidy
within 2 subcultures it will lose the alginate and becomes dry culture
29
Why does the pseudomonas aeruginosa lose alginate capsule in vivo
to conserve energy and it doesn't need to survive on the blood agar
30
Why are CF patients more susceptible to pseudomonas infections in the lungs
CFTR ion channel is not working properly in CF patients
31
What results in not having a properly functioning CFTR ion channel
mucus becomes very thick, making it harder for cilia to move mucus
32
What happens because cilia cannot ove the mucus
infections are trapped in the lung
33
What is the treatment for CF patients
lung transplant
34
What populations are at risk of pulmonary infections from pseudomonas aeruginosa
cystic fibrosis
ventilator associated pneumonia
those on broad spectrum antibiotics
35
What population is susceptible to pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections
impaired immune system, moist surface
burn wounds
surgical wounds
diabetic wounds
36
What is the main contributor to the antibiotic resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa
cystic fibrosis patients will have chronic infections that will contribute to antibiotic resistance
37
What causes the damage to the lungs in cystic fibrosis patients by P. aeruginosa
immune response causes the damage
38
What are common non-pneumonia infections associated with P. aeruginosa
swimmers ear
folliculitis
eye infections
UTIs
39
What organism is associated with folliculitis from swimming pools or hot tubs
P aeruginosa
40
What is bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
41
What patients are at risk of getting P aeruginosa associated bacteremia
neutropenic patients
diabetics
burned patients
hematologic malignancies
42
What is the characteristic lesion of bacteremia associated with P aeruginosa
ecthyma gangrenosum
43
Describe the characteristic lesion of P. aeruginosa
center is necrotic due to elastase encircling blood vessels and making them necrosic
44
How will Burkholderia cepacia gram stain
gram negative rod
45
What type of infections will burkholderia cepacia cause
opportunistic and nosocomial infections
lung infections
UTI
46
What patients are at more risk for lung infections associated with burkholderia cepacia
patients with CF
| chronic granulomatous disease
47
What infection is commonly seen in associateion with pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia
48
Where is bukholderia pseudomallei found
Soil, water, vegetation
49
What geography is burkholderia pseudomallei found
aoutheast asia, india, africa, australia
50
What population is at risk of burkholderia pseudomallei
alcoholics
diabetics
chronic renal or lung disease
51
What disease is associated with Burkholderia pseudomallei
melioidosis
52
How will melioidosis present
percutaneous infection
| pulmonary infection
53
What are the symptoms of percutaneous melioidosis
suppurative, fever, malaise, lymphadenitis
| resolves or potentially sepsis
54
What are the symptoms of pulmonary meliodosis
mild bronchitis to necrotizing pneumonia
55
How will acinetobacter baumanni appear on gram stain
gram negative short fat rod "coccobacilli"
56
Where is acinetobacter baumanni found
ubiquitous: nature and hospital
normal oropharyngeal flora of small % of healthy individuals
57
What is the oxygen sensitivity of acinetobacter baumanni
aerobic
58
What is the oxidase test of acinetobacter baumanni
negative
59
What type of infections are associated with acinetobacter baumanni
```
nosocomial
opportunistic
respiratory tract
UTI
Wounds
Septicemia
```
60
What populations are at risk of getting infections of acinetobacter baumanni
ventilators
recent surgery
long term antibiotics
61
How will moraxella catarrhalis appear on gram stain
gram negative diplococci
62
What is the oxygen sensitivity of moraxella catarrhalis
aerobic
63
What infections are associated with moraxella catarrhalis
bronchitis
pneumonia
sinusitis
otitis media
64
What is penicillin sensitivity of moraxella catarrhalis
resistant to penicillin
65
Why is moraxella catarrhalis resistent to penicillin
produces beta lactamases
66
Where are moraxella catarrhalis found normally
normal flora of the URT; causes infections when it gets into the lungs
67
How will neisseria appear on gram stain
gram negative diplococci
68
What are the O2 requirements of neisseria
aerobic
69
What is the CO2 sensitive of neisseria
capnophilic: 5% CO2
70
What are the two strains of neisseria that are important
gonnorhea
| meningitidis
71
How do you differentiate between N. gonorrhoeae and meningitidis
N. meningitidis metabolize maltose
72
N. gonorrhoeae and meningitidis both use what
glucose
73
What allows N. meningitidis to be antiphagocytic
capsule
74
What are the virulence factors of neisseria
```
Capsule: only meningitidi
IgA1 protease
LOS: lipooligosaccharide
Pili
Opa proteins
Outer membrane proteins
```
75
What type of porins are seen on neiseria
PorA and Por B= N. m
| Por B on N. g.
76
What is the function of porins on neiseria
promotes invasion of epithelial cells
77
What is the function of Opa proteins in neisseria
adherence and invasion
78
Does neisseria have LPS
no
79
What does neisseria have in place of LPS
LOS, no O antigen
80
What is the pathogenesis of Neisseria
attaches to mucosal cells and invades, multiplies within mucosal cells and moves into subepithelial space
LOS stimulates TNF alpha symptoms
81
What is the prevalence of gonorrhea
high prevalence, low mortality
82
What are the reservoirs for gonorrhea
humans
83
What population is at risk for gonorrhea
higher in african americans
| 15-24 year olds
84
How is gonorrhea transmitted
sexual contact
85
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in men
urethra
| dysuria, frequency, purulent discharge from penis
86
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in women
green and yellow discharge, dysuria
87
What are the long term complications of gonorrhea in men
epididymitis
| prostatitis
88
What are the long term complications of gonorrhea in women
PID
sterility
Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome
89
What is Fitz hugh curtis syndrome
infection of the capsule that surrounds the liver
90
What is gonococcemia
disseminated infection with gonococcus
91
What are the symptoms of gonococcemia
fever
migratory joint pain
suppurative arthritis: wrists, knees, ankles
pustular rash on extremities
92
How will gonorrhea present in infants
opthalmia neonaturm; damage to corneas and blindness
93
How is opthalmia neonatum treated
erythromycin eye drops
94
How is N. gonorrhoeae diagnosed
gram stain of exudate
| culture on Thayer-Martin agar
95
What does N. gonorrhoeae look like on blood agar
does not grow
96
What is Thayer Martin agar
chocolate agar with antibiotics that will prevent growth of other organisms
97
What grows on Thayer Martin agar
Neisseria
98
How is N. meningitidis transmitted
respiratory droplets
99
What season is N. meningitidis more common
winter
100
What are the high risk groups for N. meningitidis
infants
army recruits
college students
complement deficiency
101
What are the symptoms of N. meningitidis
sudden onset of severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, irritability, photphobia, malaise, nausea and vomiting
102
What are the long term complications of N. meningitidis
hearing loss
mental retardation
recurrent convulsions
103
How is N. meningitis diagnosed
gram stain of CSF or blood
| Thayer martin agar
104
What type of neisseria can be grown on blood agar
n. meningitidis
105
What is meningococcemia
presence of meningococcal organisms in the blood
106
What are symptoms of meningococcemia
fever, chills, arthralgia, muscle pain, petechial rash
107
What is petechial rash
pinpoint dots from where the vasculature is leaking
108
How is meningococcemia diagnosed
diplococci can be recovered from petechial biopsy; gram stain and culture
109
What occurs to the petechial rash with time
coalesce and appear as blisters
110
What is the main complication of meningococcemia
Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
111
How does waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome present
bilateral hemorrhage of adrenal glands; DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
coma
death
112
What are the vaccines against meningits
meningococcal conjugate vaccine
serotype B recombinant vaccine
