How will vibrios appear on gram stain
gram-negative
curved rods
What are the air and environmental requirements of vibrio
facultatative anaerobe
marine organism
halophile
Will vibrios be oxidase negative or positive
positive
What are the different types of vibrio
Vibrio cholera
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
What is the pandemic strain of vibrio
O1 El Tor
What is O1 El tor the cause of
causative agent of cholera
How is Vibrio cholerae transmitted
fecal oral contamination; ingestion of contaminated food or water
What is the invubation of vibrio cholerae
2-3 days
How does vibrio cholerae cause disease
cholera toxin
Where is the cholera toxin found
phage mediated, ctx A and ctx B
What is the general result of cholera toxin
results in massive loss of water and electrolytes
What is the symptoms of cholera
rice water stools
What organism is associated with rice-water stools
vibrio cholera
What is the mechanism of the cholera toxin
indefinetly binds to Gs protein that activates adenylate cyclase
produces a lot of cAMP
leading to water and electrolyte secretion out of the cell
How will cholera present
constant diarrhea that has pus, mucus, or fecal material
What is the treatment for cholera
fluids and electrolytes
What are the natural reservoirs for Vibrio parahaemolyticus
shellfish
How is vibrio parahaemolyticus transmitted
ingestion of improperly cooked seafood
What is the incubation time of vibrio parahaemolyticus
5-72 hours
What are the symptoms of vibrio parahaemolyticus
explosive watery diarrhea
What is the main virulence of vibrio parahaemolyticus
thermostable direct hemolysin (AKA kanagawa hemolysin)
What is the mode of action for kanagawa hemolysin
induces chloride secretion by increasing intracellular calcium
How will an infection with vibrio vulnificus present
swelling, erythema, and pain, development of vesicles that lead to necrotic tissue
What does vibrio vulnificus cause
wound infections when exposed to salt water
What is the treatment for vibrio vulnificus
antibiotics and debridement to preven spreading
What do vibrios grow on
TCBS
What is TCBS
thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar
How does vibrios appear on TCBS
green agar that turns orange when vibrios grow
What is the main virulence factor of campylobacter jejuni
flagella
What is the function of campylobacter flagella
helps it burrow and attach
What is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US
campylobacter jejuni
How will campylobacter jejuni appear on microscopic examination
corkscrew shape
gram negative spiral rod
What are the air and environmental requirements for campylobacter jejuni
microaerophilic: likes low O2 concentration
Canophilic: liks CO2
prefers growing at 42C
What type of agar is used to diagnoses campylobacter jejuni
specialized agar containing antibiotics
Where is campylobacter jejuni found
intestinal tracts of animals (chickens and turkery)
How is campylobacter jejuni transmitted
contaminated food, poultry, milk, or water
What is required for campylobacter jejuni transmission
large dose due to susceptibility to stomach acid
How does campylobacter jejuni lead to inflammation
invades epithelium of small intestine and causes inflammation
What are the symptoms of campylobacter jejuni
bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain
What are the associated syndromes of campylobacter jejuni
Guillain Barre syndrom
: ascending paralysis
reactive arthritis
What causes ascending paralysis in Guillain Barre syndrome
antigenic cross reactivity of LPS and gangliosides
How will helicobacter pylori appear on gram stain
negative
spiral shaped
What type of environment does helicobacter pylori prefer to live in
acidophile: can live in the stomach
fastidious
microaerophile
What are the main virulence factors of helicobacter pylori
urease
flagella
What does urease do
break down urea and form ammonia and CO2 that surrounds the colony and protects in
What does flagella do
help helicobacter pylori adhere
What is the reservoir for helicobacter pylori
humans
What are the symptoms of helicobacter pylori
full ness
vomiting
nausea
What can helicobacter pylori progress to
chronic gastritis
peptic ulcers
gastric cancer
What individuals are at a higher risk for helicobacter pylori infections
hypochlorhydria
What is hypochlorhydria
low stomach acid; proton pump inhibitor puts you at a higher risk
How do helicobacter pylori attach to epithelial cells within the stomach
block acid production
neutralize acid with ammonia
burrow into mucus
attach to epithelial cells