Introduction to the Brain (table)

Question 1

precentral gyrus

Answer 1

brain region: frontal lobe
general functions: voluntary movement of muscles of body and head
associated disorders: loss of voluntary movement of body and head

Question 2

premotor region

Answer 2

brain region: frontal lobe
general functions: aids and integrates voluntary movements of head
associated disorders: Apraxia (loss of ability to carry out complex movements of head and body)

Question 3

frontal eye fields

Answer 3

brain region: frontal lobe
general functions: controls voluntary horizontal movement of eyes
associated disorders: loss of voluntary control of horizontal eye movement (eyes cannot deviate to side opposite of the lesion)

Question 4

prefrontal cortex

Answer 4

brain region: frontal lobe
general functions: intellectual functions; affective processes
associated disorders: intellectual and emotional impairment

Question 5

broca’s area

Answer 5

brain region: frontal lobe
general functions: regulates motor aspects of speech (speaking)
associated disorders: motor aphasia (cannot speak or write, but can still understand when written or spoken to)

Question 6

postcentral gyrus

Answer 6

brain region: parietal lobe
general functions: conscious perception of sensation
associated disorders: loss of somatosensory perception

Question 7

wernicke’s area

Answer 7

brain region: parietal lobe
general functions: reception of speech
associated disorders: receptive aphasia (cannot understand written, spoken, or tactile speech symbols)

Question 8

superior parietal lobule

Answer 8

brain region: parietal lobe
general functions: integration of sensory and motor functions; programming mechanism for motor responses
associated disorders: posterior parietal syndrome; sensory neglect (inability to perceive stimuli on one side of the body); apraxia (difficulty planning movements to carry out simple commands; ex: cannot move lips to say something because message from brain to mouth is disrupted)

Question 9

superior temporal gyrus

Answer 9

brain region: temporal lobe
general functions: auditory perception
associated disorders: loss of auditory perception

Question 10

middle temporal gyrus

Answer 10

brain region: temporal lobe
general functions: detection of moving objects
associated disorders: loss of movement detection

Question 11

inferior temporal gyrus

Answer 11

brain region: temporal lobe
general functions: recognition of faces
associated disorders: loss of facial recognition

Question 12

upper and lower banks calcarine sulcus

Answer 12

brain region: occipital lobe
general functions: visual perception
associated disorders: partial or total loss of vision of the contralateral visual fields for both eyes;

Question 13

lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles and cerebral aqueduct

Answer 13

brain region: deep brain/ventricles
general function: flow of CSF throughout the CNS; source of electrolytes, neuroactive/metabolic products
associated disorders: hydrocephalus (build up of fluid)

Question 14

basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substatia nigra)

Answer 14

brain region: basal ganglia
general function: regulation of motor functions associated with cerebral cortex
associated disorders: dyskinesia (impaired voluntary movement, ex: parkinson’s, huntington’s)

Question 15

thalamic nuclei

Answer 15

brain region: diencephalon
general function: transmit signals from regions of the CNS to the cerebral cortex (sensory, motor, cognitive, affective)
associated disorders: disruption/loss of sensory, motor, and other functions

Question 16

hypothalamic nuclei

Answer 16

brain region: diencephalon
general function: visceral (feeding, drinking, autonomic, endocrine, sexual, emotional)
associated disorders: disruption/loss/alterations in these functions

Question 17

limbic structures (hippocampal formation, amygdala, septum pellucidum, cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex)

Answer 17

brain region: limbic lobe
general function: modulation of hypothalamic function, regulation of emotional behavior, short term memory
associated disorders: temporal lobe epilepsy; loss of control of emotions; loss of short-term memory

Question 18

cerebellar lobes (anterior, posterior, flocculonodular)

Answer 18

brain region: cerebellum
general function: integrates motor functions
associated disorders: loss of balance; ataxia; hypotonia; loss of coordination; movement disorders when attempting to produce a response

Question 19

midbrain

Answer 19

brain region: brainstem
general function: transmission/regulation of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions; CN3,4
associated disorders: sensory, motor, autonomic deficits; CN3, 4 deficits (oculomotor, trochlear)

Question 20

pons

Answer 20

brain region: brainstem
general function: transmission/regulation of sensory, motor, autonomic; CN5, 6, 7 (trigeminal, abducens, facial)
associated disorders: deficits

Question 21

medulla

Answer 21

brain region: brainstem
general function: sensory, motor, autonomics; CN8, 9, 10, 11 (acoustic, hypoglossal, vagus, spinal accessory)
associated disorders: deficits