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Neuroanatomy > spinal tracts > Flashcards

spinal tracts Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of information is relayed on the dorsal column pathway?

A

2 point discrimination
vibration
conscious proprioception
(GSA)

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2
Q

what receptors are associated with DCP?

A

pacinian (vibration)
meissner’s (2 point discrimination)
Merkels (touch)
joint (position)

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3
Q

what is the terminal destination for the DCP?

A

contralateral area 312 of cortex

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4
Q

if the DCP is injured in the spinal cord, what happens?

A

loss of ipsilateral sensation

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5
Q

if the DCP is injured in the brainstem or if the cortex is injured, what happens?

A

loss of contralateral sensation

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6
Q

how many neurons are in the DCP?

A

3 neuron pathway

  1. receptor to medulla
  2. medulla to VPL
  3. VPL to area 312
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7
Q

describe the DCP route

A
  1. sensory information from receptors to DRG
  2. axons travel to the dorsal funiculus (myelinated)
  3. ascend to the medulla
  4. synapse at their respective nuclei
  5. 2nd order neurons cross at medulla midline (internal arcuate fibers)
  6. ascend on the contralateral medial lemniscus
  7. synapse at thalamus VPL
  8. 3rd order neurons enter area 312 (sensorimotor cortex/postcentral gyrus)
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8
Q

where do upper limb neurons travel in the DCP?

A

fasciculus cuneate (C1-T6)
nucleus cuneate
(lateral)

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9
Q

where do lower limb neurons travel in the DCP?

A

fasciculus gracilis (all levels)
nucleus gracilis
(medial)

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10
Q

neurosyphilis and DCP

A
  • pupils do not constrict to light

- destruction of DCP and DRG cells

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11
Q

romberg sign

A

(+) patient closes their eyes, and cannot stand steadily
indicates cerebellar ataxia
tabes dorsalis/syphilis
damage to DCP

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12
Q

what receptors are involved in the spinothalamic pathway

A

free nerve endings

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13
Q

what information is relayed on the STT?

A

primarily a pain pathway

- temperature

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14
Q

Describe the route of the STT?

A
  1. sensory information from free nerve endings travel to DRG
  2. axons enter the dorsal fasciculus via the lateral division (unmyelinated)
  3. synapse in the nucleus proprius of the dorsal horn
  4. 2nd order fibers cross at the anterior commissure
  5. fibers ascend through the lateral funiculus
  6. fibers travel through the lateral tip of the medial lemniscus
  7. synapse in VPL
  8. 3rd order fibers travel to the contralateral area 312
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15
Q

what is the terminal destination for STT fibers?

A

travel from nucleus proprius to the contralateral area 312

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16
Q

if you damage the STT in the spinal cord, what will happen?

A

pain sensation would be lost on the contralateral side

if you cut right side of the cord, lose sensation from the left fingers

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17
Q

syringomyelia and STT

A
  • vacuole forms within central canal
  • transection of the cord
  • sacral fibers are most lateral, last to be transected (sacral pain remains)
  • syrinx wipes out fibers as they cross…only at the level of the lesion
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18
Q

brown-sequard lesion

A
  • lesion caused by stroke or GSW that wipes out half of the spinal cord
  • DCP: ipsilateral sensation loss
  • STT: contralateral sensation loss
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19
Q

Wallenberg Syndrome

A
  • due to stroke of vertebral artery or PICA
  • damage to lateral medulla
  • damage to contralateral STT sensation
  • destruction of SCTs (ataxia)
  • destruction of vestibular nuclei (N/V/vertigo)
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20
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

interruption of ipsilateral descending sympathetic fibers

  • miosis (small pupils)
  • ptosis
  • anhydrosis (decreased facial sweating)
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21
Q

in general, spinocerebellar tracts reside in what part of the spinal cord?

A
  • lateral funiculus

- clarke’s nucleus

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22
Q

what information is relayed through the Dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

A
  • muscle stretch

- nonconscious proprioception

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23
Q

what vertebral levels of the spinal cord is DSCT associated with?

A
  • clarke’s nucleus only exists at C8-L2

- muscle afferent neurons below L2 reach Clarke’s Nucleus via fasciculus gracilis of the dorsal funiculus

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24
Q

what receptors are associated with DSCT?

A

muscle spindles

GTOs

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25
Q

What is the DSCT pathway?

A
  1. first order neurons from muscle spindles and GTOs enter the DRG
  2. axons synapse in the nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s)
  3. 2nd order neurons ascend ipsilaterally through the lateral fasciculus
  4. fibers reach the inferior cerebellar peduncles of the medulla
  5. fibers continue and terminate in the cerebellar vermis
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26
Q

If there was damage to the DSCT, what would happen?

A

ipsilateral loss of proprioception and coordination (regardless of location)

27
Q

Describe the pathway of CCT?

A
  1. muscle afferent neurons from the upper limbs (above C8) enter DRG
  2. travel to fasciculus cuneatus of the dorsal funiculus
  3. ascend ipsilaterally and synapse in the accessory cuneate nucleus in the lower medulla
  4. 2nd order neurons continue into the inferior cerebellar peduncles and terminate in the cerebellar cortex
28
Q

describe the information relayed in the VSCT

A
  • no peripheral input
29
Q

what do we need to know about the VSCT?

A
  • enters the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncles

- double crossed

30
Q

damage to the VSCT at any level leads to what?

A

ipsilateral loss of sensation

31
Q

what are cells of the CST called?

A

upper motor neurons

32
Q

how is the CST organized?

A
  • somatotopically in a homunculus
  • arm movements = lateral
  • leg movements = medial
33
Q

is the CST myelinated?

A

yes

34
Q

what is a motor unit

A

alpha motor neuron (from ventral horn) + skeletal muscle fiber it innervates

35
Q

what is the difference between small and large motor units

A 
small = precise movements
large = broad movements
36
Q

what information is relayed along the CST/

A

control of fine motor movements

  • efferent
  • digital movement
  • control of flexors
37
Q

where does the CST originate?

A

pyramidal/Betz cells of Area 4/precentral gyrus

38
Q

describe the pathway for CST?

A
  1. pyramidal cells extend their long axons through the corona radiata, internal capsule, through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain
  2. fibers continue through pontine gray and medullary pyramids
  3. fibers cross over at the midline of the medulla (lateral CST)
  4. fibers enter the spinal cord at the lateral funiculus
  5. synapse in the lateral and medial motor nuclei of the anterior horn cells
  6. final common pathway of alpha motor neurons innervates the skeletal muscle
39
Q

how many neurons are in the CST?

A

2

40
Q

describe the anterior CST

A
  1. do not cross at the medulla
  2. continue to descend and enter the spinal cord at the anterior horn
  3. only at the cervical levels
  4. ipsilateral
41
Q

damage in the cerebral cortex would do what with the CST?

A

contralateral impairment of motor function

42
Q

damage to brainstem, CST?

A

contralateral impairment

43
Q

damage to spinal cord, CST?

A

ipsilateral because it is after they have crossed over

44
Q

lesions of upper motor neurons can cause the following..

A
  • spasticity
  • hyperreflexia
  • hemiplegia
  • babinski sign
45
Q

describe the babinski sign

A
  • rub the bottom of feet, eversion (normal)

- toes fan out => infants, UMN damage

46
Q

lesions of lower motor neurons cause

A
  • flaccid paralysis
  • hypertonic muscles
  • atrophy
47
Q

loss of anterior horn cells leads to?

A

loss of CST
ALS/polio
LMN pathology

48
Q

anterior spinal artery occlusion

A

loss of anterior horn cells

49
Q

subacute combined degeneration

A

loss of DCP, lateral funiculus (affects SCTs, CST) (due to vitamin B deficiency)

50
Q

ALS

A

loss of lateral funiculus and anterior horn cells

51
Q

tabes dorsalis

A

loss of dorsal columns

syphilis

52
Q

key grouping: nucleus proprius

A

STT

53
Q

key grouping: area 312

A

STT, DCP

54
Q

key grouping: area 4

A

CST

55
Q

key grouping: crosses in cord

A

STT, VSCT, ACST

56
Q

key grouping: medial lemniscus

A

DCP

57
Q

key grouping: nucleus dorsalis

A

DSCT

58
Q

key grouping: pyramids

A

CST

59
Q

key grouping: crosses in medulla

A

CST, DCP

60
Q

key grouping: lateral and medial motor nuclei

A

CST

61
Q

key grouping: IML

A

sympathetics

62
Q

key grouping: inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

DSCT

CCT

63
Q

key grouping: superior cerebellar peduncle

A

VSCT

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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