issues and debates new

Question 1

universality

Answer 1

any conclusion drawn from research can be applied to everyone, anywhere, regardless of culture or time

Question 2

alpha bias

Answer 2

research which exaggerates differences between genders

Question 3

beta bias

Answer 3

research which ignores differences between genders

Question 4

androcentrism

Answer 4

male behaviour is seen as the norm

Question 5

Jacklin et al

Answer 5

girls have superior verbal ability and boys have have better spatial ability

Question 6

formanowicz et al

Answer 6

analysed over 1000 articles relating to gender bias and found this form of research is funded less often

Question 7

henrich et al

Answer 7

96% of research participants were from industrialised nations

Question 8

henrich acronym

Answer 8

WEIRD
- wester, educated people from industrialised, rich democracies

Question 9

ethnocentrism

Answer 9

judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own culture
in its extreme form it may be the belief in the superiority of one’s own culture

Question 10

berry

Answer 10

emic and etic approach

Question 11

cultural relativism

Answer 11

the idea that norms and values can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts

Question 12

imposed etic

Answer 12

looks at behaviour from outside a culture and applies it universally

Question 13

emic approach

Answer 13

looks at behaviour from within a culture and identifies behaviour specific to that culture

Question 14

takano et al

Answer 14

14 out of 15 studies which compared the US and Japan found no evidence of individualism or collectivism

Question 15

Gould

Answer 15

• south-eastern european and african americans scored lowest on US intelligence test for army application, since it involved ethnocentric questions, like naming US presidents

Question 16

free will

Answer 16

the notion that humans can make choices and their behaviour is not determined by external or biological forces

Question 17

determinism

Answer 17

the idea that an individual’s behaviour is controlled by internal or external forces rather than their will

Question 18

hard determinism

Answer 18

• also known as fatalism
• all human behaviour has a cause

Question 19

soft determinism

Answer 19

behaviour may be caused by internal or external forces, but there is also room for personal choice

Question 20

biological determinism

Answer 20

behaviour is due to biological causes (genes, hormones, evolution etc) that we cannot control

Question 21

environmental determinism

Answer 21

behaviour is due to the sum of reinforcement

Question 22

psychic determinism

Answer 22

behaviour is driven by unconscious conflicts which were repressed in childhood

Question 23

roberts et al

Answer 23

looked at adolescents who had a strong belief in fatalism, and they were at a significantly greater risk of developing depression

Question 24

libet et al

Answer 24

• asked participants to pick a random moment to flick their wrists and say when they felt the conscious will to move
• measured brain activity
• unconscious brain activity came half a second before the participant felt the will
• even free will is determined by our brain before it occurs

Question 25

epigenetics

Answer 25

a change in our genetic activity without changing the actual genes aspects of our lifestyle leave marks on our DNA, which switch genes on or off

Question 26

rhee et al

Answer 26

meta-analysis of adoption studies found genetic influences accounted for 41% of variance in aggression

Question 27

susser et al

Answer 27

women who became pregnant during the Dutch Hunger Winter were more likely to have babies who would develop schizophrenia proof of epigenetics

Question 28

levels of explaination

Answer 28

neurochemical physioloigical envionmental physical psychological socio-cultural