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Psyc 471 > Jan 13 > Flashcards

Jan 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

lecture title

A

mankind’s two sovereign masters: the psychology and neuroscience of pain and pleasure

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2
Q

Jeremy Bentham 1789 quote

A

“Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.”

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3
Q

psychological hedonism

A

perspective arguing that people are motivated to act in ways that INCREASE PLEASURE and DECREASE PAIN

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4
Q

reward

A

something an animal will WORK TO ACHIEVE

primary and secondary rewards

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5
Q

primary rewards

A

naturally rewarding & biologically essential

ie. food, water, warmth, sexual gratification

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6
Q

secondary rewards

A

learned rewards that gain importance through repeated associations with primary rewards

ie. money

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7
Q

pleasure

A

subjective hedonic value of rewards

what it feels like to get the reward - the sense of enjoyment or gratification

is subjective by definition

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8
Q

punishment

A

something an animal will work to avoid

primary and secondary punishments

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9
Q

primary punishments

A

naturally aversive, threaten survival

ie. physical injury & tissue damage

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10
Q

secondary punishments

A

learned punishments that ACQUIRE aversiveness through repeated associations with primary punishments

ie. financial loss, bad grades

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11
Q

pain

A

the subjective HEDONIC and MOTIVATIONAL response to punishing stimuli

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12
Q

subjective utility

A

personal value or satisfaction an individual assigns to an outcome

based on their preferences and circumstances

(rewards don’t always produce pleasure; punishments don’t always cause pain - CONTEXT matters)

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13
Q

what are the sources of pain and pleasure? recall that organisms strive to maintain…

A

optimal internal equilibrium (homeostasis)

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14
Q

connection between hedonic feelings and homeostasis

A

hedonic feelings (pleasure and pain) exist to ENCOURAGE BEHAVIOURS that help optimize internal balance

pleasure guides us towards stimuli that help RESTORE/MAINTAIN homeostasis

pain SIGNALS DEVIATION from homeostasis

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15
Q

alliesthesia

A

subjective hedonic value of stimulus is tied to extent to which a stimulus CONTRIBUTES TO or DISRUPTS homeostasis

ie. food is most pleasurable when it alleviates hunger, but once homeostatic needs are met it becomes less pleasurable

a stimulus will be experienced as pleasurable or painful depending on how it affects the body’s homeostatic balance

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16
Q

______ and ______ contexts determine the hedonic value of a stimulus

A

internal and external contexts

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17
Q

while traditionally considered opposites, pain and pleasure…

A

are intertwined and exert reciprocal influences on each other

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18
Q

the statement that we’re motivated solely by desire to avoid pain and attain pleasure doesn’t…

A

capture the full complexity of human motivation

ie. why do we sometimes seek out painful experiences?

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19
Q

international association for the study of pain definition of pain

A

“an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage”

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20
Q

are nociception and pain the same thing?

A

no

nociception =/= pain

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21
Q

nociception

A

neural detection & transmission of information about tissue damage

involves SENSORY RECEPTORS (nociceptors) that respond to THERMAL, MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL stimuli

occurs without conscious awareness

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22
Q

nociceptors respond to what 3 types of stimuli?

A

thermal, mechanical and chemical

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23
Q

pain

A

subjective, conscious experience of discomfort or distress

has both a sensory and emotional component

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24
Q

dissociation between nociception and pain

Study These Flashcards
A

can have pain without nociception

and can have nociception without pain

25
pain without nociception
phantom limb neuropathic pain (no tissue damage involved)
26
nociception without pain
withdrawal reflex, anesthesia, high-adrenaline situations
27
things that can alter pain perception
psychological state context expectations ascribed meaning
28
2 components of pain
1. sensory-discriminative component 2. affective-motivational component
29
sensory-discriminative component of pain
provides info about INTENSITY, QUALITY, LOCATION processed in PRIMARY and SECONDARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTICES and the POSTERIOR INSULA
30
where is the sensory-discriminative component of pain processed?
primary and secondary somatosensory cortices posterior insula
31
affective-motivational component of pain
relates to EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE of pain how distressing is it? drives MOTIVATION to escape/stop painful experience
32
where is the affective-motivation component of pain processed?
in the DORSAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (dACC) and the ANTERIOR INSULA (AI)
33
evidence of dissociation of the 2 components of pain in the brain
lesions to dACC or insula hypnosis
34
congenital insensitivity to pain
rare genetic disease characterized by COMPLETE INABILITY to PERCEIVE PAIN
35
case studies of people with congenital insensitivity to pain
1. repeated injuries (ie. fractures, burns, oral wounds due to self-biting) 2. infections from untreated wounds 3. reduced life expectancy
36
pain is crucial for...
protecting against injuries
37
function of pain: neural alarm system
pain is our body's way of telling us to PAY ATTENTION to something that could cause tissue injury/death tells us to TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
38
neural alarm system: 4 functions
1. captures attention, heightens arousal & awareness 2. supersedes other goals 3. drives action (avoidance, escape, fight or flight, solicitation of support) 4. promotes recuperation & healing
39
adaptive value of belonging
recall that an ADAPTIVE TRAIT is a characteristic that helps organisms SURVIVE & REPRODUCE ie. sharp claws, camouflage in humans, SOCIAL AFFILIATION and group living
40
group living as a multi-purpose _______ tool
survival 1. help hunting large game & foraging 2. sharing food 3. defensive vigilance and greater strength against predators & hostile outgroups 4. help caring for offspring 5. access to mates
41
social pain hypothesis
belonging to a group = matter of LIFE and DEATH - those who stayed within group were more likely to survive and reproduce - those who isolated themselves were at greater risk of harm/death PHYSICAL PAIN MECHANISMS may have been ADAPTED to support affiliation
42
social pain may have evolved from...
physical pain in order to promote group cohesion pain could signal need to stay with the group, encouraging cooperation, reconciliation and survival
43
cyberball task exclusion neuroimaging evidence
cyberball exclusion related to increased activation in the dACC and AI MAGNITUDE of neural activation correlates with both SELF-REPORTED FEELINGS of exclusion and OBSERVER-RATED social distress
44
neuroimaging evidence examples - increased dACC and/or AI activation in response to social pain...
1. viewing photo of rejecting ex-partner 2. viewing photo of deceased relative 3. artwork conveying sense of loneliness & social disconnection 4. viewing disapproving facial expressions (for those high in rejection sensitivity) 5. negative social evaluations
45
evidence of shared sensitivity to physical and social pain
greater baseline sensitivity to PHYSICAL PAIN predicts greater sensitivity to SOCIAL EXCLUSION genetic variant related to greater physical pain sensitivity (OPRM1 118G)
46
genetic variant related to greater physical pain sensitivity
OPRM1 118G
47
OPRM1 118G related to...
1. greater trait rejection sensitivity 2. greater self-reported subjective & neutral reactivity to Cyberball exclusion 3. more sensitivity to hurtful partner behaviour (ie. being ignored, criticism)
48
factors that decrease social pain have what effects on physical pain?
parallel ie. SOCIAL SUPPORT decreases physical pain (ie. during labour, thermal pain tasks in lab) reflected in decreased signaling in dACC and AI in response to pain task
49
factors that increase social pain - this is a bit more ________
complicated 1. cyberball exclusion has been shown to lead to pain hypersensitivity, with Ps who feel most excluded reporting highest pain ratings 2. intentionally influcted pain hurts more than incidental pain BUT 1. social pain has also been linked to HYPOALGESIA (reduction in pain) ^ may depend on paradigm, context, motivational factors 2. importantly, social & pain responses mirror each other (ie. analgesia coincides with emotional numbing)
50
analgesia coincides with...
emotional numbing
51
factors that decrease physical pain have parallel effects on social pain: tylenol...
Ps taking tylenol (vs placebo) report lower levels of hurt feelings in daily life exhibit less dACC and AI activation during Cyberball exclusion
52
factors that increase physical pain have parallel effects on social pain: inflammatory challenge...
an inflammatory challenge (endotoxin injection) increases: 1. interpersonal sensitivity 2. neural reactivity to social exclusion
53
factors that influence how intensely individuals react to social exclusion
1. perceived availability of social support 2. rejection sensitivity 3. attachment style all related to the subjective utility of social pain
54
individuals who spent more time with friends in adolescence and those with greater access to social support show...
less social pain neural activation in response to social exclusion
55
those high in rejection sensitivity and anxious attachment show...
enhanced reactivity to social exclusion
56
behavioural consequences of social pain: neuropsychological evidence
1. in animals, dACC lesions lead to decreases in separation distress, deficits in social behaviour (maternal behaviour, social interest, proximity seeking) 2. less research in humans - but case studies of cingulotomies (ACC lesions) suggest social disinhibition, reduced concerns about opinions of others, decreased self-consciousness
57
experimental evidence that social pain drives affiliative behaviour examples
1. increased desire to work with others on task 2. increasing effort on subsequent group task 3. more likely to sign up for a "friend matchmaking service" 4. provide more positive evaluations & allocate monetary rewards to a novel partner 5. pay more attention to social information (social monitoring) ^ ie. selective memory for explicitly social events
58
behavioural consequences of affiliation behaviours: caveats
1. likely to engage in affiliative behaviour only to extent to which we see target as VIABLE SOURCE of social connection 2. those who are PARTICULARLY FEARFUL of negative social evaluation are LESS LIKELY to affiliate after rejection 3. after rejection, tend to direct affiliative efforts TOWARDS NOVEL PARTNERS but not those responsible for the rejection ^ may DEROGATE rejectors 4. like physical pan, social pain has been shown to LEAD TO AGGRESSION (fight) responses ^ aggressive response may be particularly likely when defensive distance is low
59
to sum up
1. pain involves sensory, affective, motivational components 2. plays important function in protecting homeostatic balance and ensuring survival 3. stimuli/conditions other than physical injury may engage physical pain systems to extent that they threaten homeostasis and survival prospects ie. pain may be a more general signal that "all is not well" ^ best documented example of this is social loss & rejection

Psyc 471 (23 decks)

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