Psyc 471 > Jan 20 > Flashcards

Jan 20 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

need

A

a fundamental, innate requirement or condition that is ESSENTIAL for GROWTH, WELLBEING, and EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING

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2
Q

needs in relation to behaviour

A

needs ENERGIZE and DIRECT behaviour

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3
Q

biological needs

A

basic requirements for PHYSICAL SURVIVAL

(thirst, hunger, sleep, pain, temperature regulation)

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4
Q

drive theories

A

suggest an INTERNAL STATE OF TENSION pushes individuals to TAKE ACTION to satisfy their needs and RESTORE HOMEOSTASIS

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5
Q

drive theories assume that humans are…

A

PASSIVE

we aren’t goal setters, we’re just trying to stay in homeostasis

but humans ARE goal setters - we set ambitious goals (running marathons, researching hard topics, learning new things)

because of this, DRIVE THEORIES ARE INCOMPLETE

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6
Q

Harry Harlow’s puzzle study background

A

monkeys’ puzzle-solving behaviour couldn’t be explained in terms of drives or external incentives

“solution didn’t lead to food, water, sex”

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7
Q

Harry Harlow’s puzzle study - Harlow proposed…

A

another TYPE of drive

“the performance of the task provided INTRINSIC reward”

proposition marked departure from drive theories

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8
Q

Harlow’s puzzle study - introduction of food

A

the introduction of food in the puzzle experiment served to DISRUPT performance

it IMPEDED task-engagement

this phenomenon had yet to be reported in the literature

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9
Q

what group can we look to in order to examine intrinsic motivation?

A

children!

kids are innately driven to constantly explore, learn, try new things, fail and get up again, keep on trying despite no rewards

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10
Q

self-determination theory (SDT) and psychological needs: 4 key ideas

A

IDEA 1: humans are inherently ACTIVE and constantly engaged with their environment

IDEA 2: all humans possess 3 psychological needs (competence, autonomy and relatedness)

IDEA 3: psychological need satisfaction provides essential nutrients for engagement, psychological growth and psychological wellbeing

IDEA 4: environments may either support or thwart psychological needs

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11
Q

self-determination theory: 3 psychological needs

A

competence

autonomy

relatedness

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12
Q

SDT - psychological need satisfaction provides essential nutrients for…

A

engagement

psychological growth

psychological wellbeing

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13
Q

greater psychological need satisfaction leads to…

A

engagement

agency & initiative

intrinsic motivation

internalization

learning, performance, achievement

skill development

positive self-concept and identity

prosocial behaviour

positive emotions & wellbeing

health

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14
Q

greater psychological need frustration leads to…

A

disengagement

passivity & apathy

amotivation

anti-internalization & resentment

problematic relationships

acceptance of cheating as okay

antisocial behaviour

negative emotions & ill-being

illness

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15
Q

what promotes intrinsic motivation?

A

psychological need satisfaction

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16
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation to engage in an activity out of one’s INTEREST and ENJOYMENT

performing the activity is its own reward

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17
Q

what does intrinsic motivation contrast with

A

extrinsic motivation

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18
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation to engage in activity due to some EXTERNAL OUTCOME

not about enjoying the activity in its own right, but about what you get out of it

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19
Q

intrinsic motivation is linked to…

A
  1. greater initiative and task persistence
  2. creativity
  3. deeper processing of info and better retention of info in memory
  4. positive behaviour change
  5. more positive emotion, vitality & wellbeing
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20
Q

our social environments may ______ or ______ need satisfaction, with downstream…

A

support or thwart

downstream effects on intrinsic motivation

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21
Q

autonomy

Study These Flashcards
A

the psychological need to experience SELF-DIRECTION and PERSONAL ENDORSEMENT

in the INITIATION and REGULATION of one’s behaviour

22
Q

autonomy need satisfaction is characterized by…

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A

sense of VOLITION and SELF-ENDORSEMENT

involves genuine, un-pressured willingness to engage in an activity without feeling coerced or pressured

sense of ownership and personal causation over one’s behaviour

23
Q

autonomy quotes: sense of “Im doing this because….” rather than…

Study These Flashcards
A

sense of “Im doing this because I want to”

rather than

“I don’t really want to be doing this. I’m only doing this because I have to”

24
Q

example items from the autonomy need satisfaction scale

Study These Flashcards
A

I feel like I’m free to decide for myself how to live my life

I feel pressured in my life

I generally feel free to express my ideas and opinions

In my daily life, I frequently have to do what I am told

People I interact with on a daily basis tend to take my feelings into consideration

I feel like I can pretty much be myself in daily situations

There isn’t much opportunity for me to decide for myself how to do things in my life

25
2 types of motivating styles
1. autonomy support 2. controlling
26
autonomy support has an interpersonal tone of...
UNDERSTANDING "I'm your ally" "I'm here to understand you" "I'm here to support you and your strivings"
27
controlling style has an interpersonal tone of...
PRESSURE "I'm your boss" "I'm here to monitor you" "I'm here to change and socialize you"`
28
3 things that define autonomy support
1. taking the other person's perspective WHICH LEADS TO 2. support interest & intrinsic motivation AND 3. support value & internalization
29
perspective taking
seeing the situation as if you were the other person foundational component of autonomy support that enables the other components
30
perspective taking in relation to autonomy support
perspective taking is FOUNDATIONAL to autonomy support it ENABLES the other components ie. can't support another's interests without first understanding what those interests are
31
benefits of perspective taking
1. communicates interest & concern 2. helps build trust & understanding 3. fosters sense of social connection 4. improves communication
32
challenges associated with perspective taking: dual...
dual judgment model of empathy gaps
33
dual judgment model of empathy gaps
postulates that perspective taking entails 2 steps: FIRST, imagine how we would feel in someone else's situation THEN, try to adjust for differences between ourselves and the other person
34
dual judgment model of empathy gaps - first pitfall
recap: first step is imagining how we would feel in someone else's situation first pitfall: MISJUDGING OURSELVES ^ COLD-HOT EMPATHY GAP: when in a relatively calm or "cold" emotional state, tendency to underestimate how strongly we'll feel in a highly emotional or "hot situation"
35
cold-hot empathy gap
when we're in a relatively calm/"cold" emotional state, tendency to underestimate how strongly we'll feel in a highly emotional/"hot" situation (pitfall 1 identified by the dual judgment model of empathy)
36
dual judgment model of empathy gaps - second pitfall
recall: second step is to try adjusting for differences between ourselves and that person second pitfall: INSUFFICIENT ADJUSTMENT ^ tend to overestimate the extent to which others share our opinions, beliefs, preferences (FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT)
37
false consensus effect
tend to overestimate extent to which others share our opinions, beliefs, preferences why? a) tend to believe we see the world objectively, so "reasonable" people should share our perspectives and reactions b) perceiving similarity feels like a shortcut to understanding; but just because someone resembles us or has had similar experiences, doesn't mean we'll accurately infer their feelings/motivations (pitfall 2 identified by the dual judgment model of empathy)
38
effective perspective taking requires what 3 things?
effective perspective taking requires: 1. going beyond assumptions 2. acknowledging empathy gaps 3. practicing active listening
39
active listening
communication technique that requires fully engaging with what the speaker is saying
40
components of active listening
1. asking CLARIFYING questions 2. PARAPHRASING what the speaker said to confirm understanding 3. paying attention to NONVERBAL CUES 4. communicating CARE and CONCERN, avoiding negative or judgmental reactions
41
2 approaches to support interest & intrinsic motivation
1. encourage pursuit of personal interests and goals 2. present activities in need-satisfying ways
42
the importance of choice
even if an activity isn't inherently exciting, giving individuals FREEDOM to make their own decisions can BOOST ENGAGEMENT and SATISFACTION ie. classroom projects, workout routines, medication adherence
43
what if it isn't possible to provide a choice?
that's okay the MOST CRITICAL COMPONENT is the FEELING of choice even TRIVIAL choices, or the ILLUSION of choice provide benefits
44
math motivational challenge setup
motivational challenge: how to motivate children to learn math elementary school children given computer math learning program with sci-fi or fantasy theme FEELING-OF-CHOICE CONDITION: got to CUSTOMIZE game (ie. name your own spaceship)
45
math motivational challenge results
the feeling-of-choice condition led to: 1. higher levels of LIKING for the game 2. INTRINSIC motivation 3. TASK PERSISTENCE 4. attempts to use MORE COMPLEX OPERATIONS 5. more LEARNING
46
motivational challenge: how to prevent mental and physical health declines in elderly nursing home patients? setup
CHOICE CONDITION: given freedom to decide between activities, how to arrange their rooms, to care for a plant CONTROL CONDITION: the same options framed as "permissions" rather than options
47
motivational challenge: how to prevent mental and physical health declines in elderly nursing home patients? results
in choice condition (vs control): 1. more vigour 2. better physical and mental health 3. lower mortality rate 18 months later
48
are all choices equally good?
no, not all choices provide autonomy support 1. choosing from a LIMITED number of PERSONALLY-IRRELEVANT options 2. TOO MANY choices can be OVERWHELMING 3. DEPRIVING individuals of INFO needed to make an INFORMED decision 4. some choices may be too STRESSFUL and CONFLICT PROMOTING
49
according to Deci, what may be behind a lack of desire to make one's own choices?
a history of controlling interactions "if you control people enough, they may begin to act like they want to be controlled"
50
research example of Deci's idea about history of controlling interaction
(recall: Deci suggests that if people have a history of being controlled, they may begin to act like they want to be controlled) 1. experimenter acted in either an AUTHORITARIAN or SUPPORTIVE way to elementary school kids 2. children then given opportunity to choose on ANAGRAM TASK 3. children who had been exposed to AUTHORITARIAN experimenter EXPRESSED LESS DESIRE FOR CHOICE

Psyc 471 (23 decks)

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