Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psyc 471 > March 31 > Flashcards

March 31 Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

boredom

A

it’s aversive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

boredom is aversive

A

people dislike boredom so much that they sometimes prefer receiving ELECTRIC SHOCKS over doing nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

negative consequences of boredom

A

impulsivity

substance abuse

productivity loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does boredom signal?

A

a need for CHANGE

it occurs when WE CAN’T SUSTAIN ATTENTION (tasks are too easy or too hard)

or when an activity FEELS MEANINGLESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

boredom occurs when tasks are too…

A

too easy

or too hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

boredom can be useful: explain

A

mind wandering can lead to creativity, eureka moments, realizations, problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what can we do about boredom?

A

depends on what the problem hinges on

three possibilities:

  1. attention is the problem, because task demands are too high
  2. attention is the problem, because task demands are too low
  3. meaning is the problem

^ these all call for different responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

response to boredom if attention is the problem and task demands are too high

A
  1. decrease task difficulty to match skill level
  2. break down task into manageable components
  3. build up skill to match challenge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

response to boredom if attention is the problem and task demands are too low

A
  1. make task more challenging
  2. increasing external stimulation

^ ie. listen to podcast while doing laundry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

response to boredom if meaning is the problem

A
  1. re-evaluate goal
  2. find value in activity/make it feel more relevant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when bored, we should pursue what types of activities when lacking meaning?

A

interesting activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when bored, we should pursue what types of activities when lacking attention?

A

enjoyable activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does pursuing interesting activities do?

A

it builds up our cognitive resources

which prevents future boredom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why does happiness not totally fit in with other emotions?

A

emotions are reactions to STIMULI

  1. while happiness can be triggered by events, IT’S OFTEN FELT WITHOUT A CAUSE
  2. and it’s MORE PERSISTENT than other emotions
  3. and some people are just HAPPIER - it’s a TRAIT-LIKE characteristic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what’s important to know about the physiological and behavioural markers of happiness?

A

they’re LESS DISTINCT

though a Duchenne smile signals genuine happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trait-like characteristic that resembles happiness

A

subjective wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subjective wellbeing

A

the trait-like characteristic that resembles happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

satisfaction with life scale example items

A

“in most ways my life is close to my ideal”

“the conditions of my life are excellent”

“I’m satisfied with my life”

“so far, I’ve gotten the important things I want in life”

“if I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what predicts happiness? factors that US adults cite as contributing to life satisfaction

A
  1. close social relationships
  2. physical health
  3. financial stability
  4. meaningful work
  5. self-development
  6. religious faith
  7. enjoying life’s activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is happiness strongly tied to across cultures?

A
  1. strong social connections
  2. societal trust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does a history of positive social relationships foster?

A

attachment security

attachment security is characterized by beliefs that others can be trusted and that one is capable of dealing with challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

attachment security predicts what?

A

greater resilience

stronger interpersonal relationships

sense of control

ALL OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO HAPPINESS AND WELLBEING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

while discrete positive and negative events do have some temporary impact on happiness…

A

we tend to RETURN TO BASELINE happiness levels over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

psychological immune system

A

really good at regulating our emotions and adapting to our environments

we often OVERESTIMATE the impact of POSITIVE and NEGATIVE events due to habituation and our psychological immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
is higher income related to greater happiness?
yes, but not as much as we think RELATIVE WELATH matters AS MUCH or MORE than ABSOLUTE WELATH ^ people are happier when they're comparing themselves to others who have less wealth
26
wealth doesn't add much to life satisfaction once...
your basic needs have been met
27
what does prioritization of wealth as a life goal do?
UNDERMINES WELLBEING while a sense of AUTONOMY and MEANINGFUL GOALS (esp those that benefit others) strongly predicts happiness
28
what's the relationship between happiness and good life outcomes?
bi-directional ie. marriage - marrying makes you happy, but happy people are also more likely to get married ie. physical health - phys health makes you happy, but happy people are also more likely to be physically happy
29
marriage and happiness directionality: some studies show...
1. show decreases in stress 2. long-term increases in happiness following marriage BUT positive emotionality in high school predicts marital status and marital satisfaction later in life
30
positive emotionality in high school predicts...
1. marital status later in life 2. marital satisfaction later in life
31
what predicts happiness? key takeaway
there's a LOT WE CANN DO to boost happiness and life satisfaction choose GOALS and ACTIVITIES that fulfill your PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
32
broaden and build theory
a theory of positive emotions positive emotions BROADEN OUR THINKING foster curiosity, creativity, and engagement with the world
33
broaden and build theory: following positive mood induction...
people are more likely to: 1. RECOGNIZE GLOBAL PATTERNS 2. THINK CREATIVELY 3. REMAIN OPEN to new experiences
34
positive emotions help build what?
1. resilience 2. long-term satisfaction
35
while negative emotions prepare us to avoid threats, positive emotions...
promote exploration and goal-seeking helps us take advantage of opportunities for growth and connection
36
enthusiasm
generated by ANTICIPATING a REWARD people often prefer waiting for a reward to ENJOY THE BUILDUP
37
adaptive function of enthusiasm
motivates action and effort in pursuit of reward
38
physiological responses related to enthusiasm
physiological responses similar to fear 1. increased heart rate 2. increased blood pressure
39
how is enthusiasm an exception to broaden-and-build theory?
it NARROWS attention makes people focus on the immediate reward
40
enthusiasm increases reliance on what?
heuristics in decision making less deep evaluation
41
contentment
occurs after consuming a reward
42
contentment is linked to activation of what?
the PARASYMPATHETIC NS ^ slows body down, promotes digestion and relaxation
43
after consuming a reward, what happens to brain activity in nonhuman animals?
(after consuming a reward = contentment) brain activity shifts from DOPAMINERGIC activation (reward anticipation) to BETA-ENDORPHIN activity (relaxation and behavioural slowing)
44
what does contentment enhance?
memory consolidation helps animals remember how they obtained the reward
45
when does pride arise?
when a person ATTRIBUTES a POSITIVE EVENT to their OWN ACTIONS
46
nonverbal expressions of pride
1. expanded posture 2. puffed out chest 3. hands on hips
47
pride: evidence for universality
1. pride poses consistently interpreted across cultures 2. children as young as 4 can identify pride expressions 3. congenitally blind individuals exhibit pride expressions in same way as sighted individuals
48
what do pride expressions resemble?
DOMINANCE DISPLAYS in nonhuman primates likely evolved to COMMUNICATE STATUS and ACHIEVEMENT
49
pride likely evolved to communicate...
status and achievement across cultures, people assume individuals DISPLAYING PRIDE have HIGHER SOCIAL STATUS
50
2 types of pride
1. authentic pride 2. hubristic pride
51
authentic pride
1. stems from GENUINE ACCOMPLISHMENT and EFFORT 2. boosts motivation, perseverance, goal-setting 3. encourages leadership
52
example of how authentic pride encourages leadership
individuals who were TOLD THEY PERFORMED WELL: 1. took on LEADERSHIP ROLES 2. were rated by others as MORE LIKEABLE
53
what kind of behaviours does authentic pride promote?
1. cooperation 2. prosocial behaviour
54
hubristic pride
based on a SENSE OF SUPERIORITY to others rather than achievement
55
hubristic pride is linked to...
1. narcissism 2. antisocial behaviour
56
hubristic pride is perceived as...
BOASTING often leads others to view it negatively
57
authentic pride is linked to genuine _____ _____ while hubristic pride is associated with what?
authentic pride = GENUINE SELF-ESTEEM hubristic pride = NARCISSISM (and related issues)
58
hubristic pride is linked to...
narcissism and related issues: 1. aggression 2. rejection sensitivity 3. insecurity
59
theory of (vulnerable) narcissism
narcissists exhibit a STRUCTURAL SPLIT in their SELF-REPRESENTATION SYSTEM 1. outwardly grandiose 2. internally insecure self-enhancement and hubristic pride function as a DEFENSE against excessive shame
60
theory of (vulnerable) narcissism: aggression
because their self-worth is fragile, narcissists are PRONE TO LASHING OUT AGGRESSIVELY when they receive NEGATIVE FEEDBACK or CRITICISM
61
what may contribute to the development of vulnerable narcissism?
adverse early childhood experiences ie. harsh criticism, emotional neglect
62
while pride is a universal emotion, what about it varies?
its EXPERIENCE and EVALUATION varies across CULTURES
63
does the two-factor theory of pride hold cross-culturally?
yes but there are cultural differences in the link between hubristic pride and shame proneness
64
cultural differences in link between hubristic pride and shame proneness
in NA, shame may trigger defensive hubristic pride to restore self-esteem in COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES, where shame is viewed as a positive moral and socially-restorative force, this defense is less necessary
65
how is shame viewed in collectivistic cultures?
as a positive moral and socially-restorative force (because of this, experience of shame in collectivistic cultures is less likely to lead to hubristic pride)
66
elicitors of pride across cultures
both Chinese and American participants feel pride in achievements 1. Chinese individuals feel greater pride in their child's acceptance to a prestigious university than their own 2. Americans report equal pride in both scenarios
67
different views of self shape pride across cultures
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES: ^ self is embedded within a social structure, emphasizes interdependence ^ expressing personal pride may feel inappropriate INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES: ^ the self is independent ^ makes pride in personal achievements more normative
68
differences in pride expression across cultures
1. East Asians SUPPRESS pride expressions more than Westerners 2. East Asians view pride as LESS POSITIVE and associate it more with HUBRISTIC TRAITS (ie. showing off, attention-seeking)
69
nuances in pride expression - Olympic athlete study
1. when competing against OUTGROUP members, Chinese and American gold medalists showed SIMILAR pride expressions 2. when outperforming INGROUP members, Chinese athletes SUPPRESSED pride more than Americans this suggests INTENTIONAL SUPPRESSION in service of MAINTAINING IN-GROUP HARMONY rather than a lack of pride

Psyc 471 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions