Midterm Review Slides Flashcards
when are rewards most likely to undermine intrinsic motivation?
- when they’re perceived as CONTROLLING
- when the activity was initially INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATING/inherently interesting
- when rewards are EXPECTED
- when rewards are TANGIBLE (ie. money, prizes)
when are rewards least likely to undermine intrinsic motivation?
- when they’re INFORMATIONAL rather than controlling
- when the task IS NOT INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATING/inherently interesting to begin with (ie. algorithmic tasks)
- when the reward is UNEXPECTED
- when the reward is INTANGIBLE
- when the reward is perceived as AUTONOMY SUPPORTING
when rewards are intangible, they’re less likely to undermine intrinsic motivation - explain
intangible rewards like PRAISE can undermine intrinsic motivation if delivered in a controlling way
but GENERALLY, research suggests that they don’t have a negative impact in the same way as tangible rewards
when rewards are seen as autonomy supporting, they’re less likely to undermine intrinsic motivation
ie. artist example
when they’re commissioned to do work that they enjoy, it’s seen as ENABLING rather than CONTROLLING
basic idea behind cognitive evaluation theory
external events like rewards (both tangible and intangible) can either increase or decrease intrinsic motivation
key factor in cognitive evaluation theory
is the reward more meant to CONTROL or to INFORM?
controlling events > thwart autonomy > less intrinsic motivation
(positive) informational events > competence support > more intrinsic motivation
recall: events can have both controlling and informational elements - the impact of the event will be determined by which element is the most salient
Freud vs Hull - the nature of drive
FREUD: 2 types of drive, eros (life) and thanatos (death) instincts
HULL: one single pooled energy source composed of all current bodily deficits/disturbances
Freud vs Hull - the role of learning in drive theory
FREUD: acquire learned strategies (defensive strategies) for managing sexual and aggressive drives, allowing them to be channeled in socially acceptable ways
HULL: drives energize behaviour, but don’t guide it (habits guide)
^ habit is acquired through learning (ie. what has worked for us in the past)
Freud vs Hull - drive theory model
FREUD: behaviour is a function of drive, unconscious conflict & defense mechanisms
HULL: behaviour is a function of drive, habit and incentive motivation (how appealing the stimulus is - quantity/quality)
Freud vs Hull - approach to drive theory
FREUD: clinical observations
HULL: scientific method
James vs McDougall - instinct theory
BASIC IDEA: even complex human behaviours can be explained in terms of instincts
KEY DIFFERENCE: McDougall believed that ALL behaviour can be explained in terms of instincts, while James emphasized modification through LEARNING
inhibition of reward by pain
motivation-decision model of pain predicts that pain has a suppressive effect on the ability to experience pleasure
ie. pain decreases engagement in rewarding activities, like eating tasty foods
by decreasing reward pleasantness and attenuating normal reward-seeking behaviour, pain…
pain ensures that necessary action is taken to protect the individual
in humans, high degree of comorbidity between chronic pain and…
depression
which is characterized by inability to enjoy everyday pleasures (anhedonia)
opioids and dopamine are important for regulating both…
pain and pleasure
and mediate interactions between the two, resolving pain-pleasure dilemmas
do we see overlap in pain and pleasure processing at neural level?
yes we do
ACC: reps the size and probability of rewards, as well as efforts to obtain them
INSULA: encodes taste and food cravings, linked to felt satisfaction during a task, more broadly involved in encoding interoceptive signals communicating internal body state
AMYGDALA: involved in both pain/threat processing, as well as reward
why do we sometimes seek out painful experiences?
pain may ENHANCE PLEASURE
pleasure is understood within the context of pain, and the RELIEF of pain is itself a pleasurable experience
in itself, the relief of pain…
is a pleasurable experience
even negative stimuli may be experienced as rewarding in the context of more negative stimuli
ie. experience of moderate pain can be reported as pleasant when compared to alternative outcome of intense pain (relative relief)
relative relief
experience of moderate pain can be reported as pleasant when compared to alternative outcome of intense pain
^ even negative stimuli may be experienced as rewarding in context of more negative stimuli
relief from pain is a ______ _____ experience
positive hedonic experience
lab study: relief from pain is a positive hedonic experience
lab study
Ps subjected to painful tasks (application of heat, skin irritant capsaicin)
when painful sensation is suddenly terminated, a sense of relief and positive affect results
the more intense the pain, the more intense the relief
opponent process model
emotional reactions are regulated by the brain to maintain hedonic balance
strong emotional reactions (pleasure and pain) are countered by an opposite reaction
opponent process mode: state a
- emotionally powerful stimulus > initial reaction (state a)
ie. scary scene > fear/anxiety
- adaptation phase > decline of state a
^ after the peak, the intensity of fear/anxiety GRADUALLY DECLINES and levels off
^ this happens because the brain begins to COUNTERACT the fear with an opposite emotional response
^ steady level of state A = state A - state B
adaptation phase
after the emotionally powerful stimulus and the initial reaction, there’s an ADAPTATION PHASE
this involves the DECLINE of state a
happens because the brain begins to COUNTERACT the emotion with an opposite emotional response
